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ABSTRACT
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a special type of radar, which uses electromagnetic (EM) wave to detect the buried objects in the shallow subsurface. The overall efficiency and performance of the GPR system significantly depend on the quality of the acquired data and hence on the antenna and transceiver electronics sensor used in GPR surveying. Bow-tie antennas are widely used for GPR applications, as they possess a set of stringent antenna performances such as a low frequency of operation, ultra-wideband performance, minimal ringing, compact, planner, and lightweight. In this article, a comprehensive review of the bow-tie antennas used for GPR applications is presented. A brief review of the theoretical analysis of the bow-tie antennas indicates the advantageous features of this type of antennas with elliptical structures over the traditional triangular shapes. A comparative analysis of popularly used feed networks confirms that there is a requirement of a balun (balanced to unbalanced) which is used to convert the unbalanced current flow of the coaxial cable to the balanced current flow of two symmetrical lines used for exciting a balanced antenna. A comparative analysis of design techniques used to improve the traditional bow-tie antennas to overcome the various limitations, such as end-fire reflections, narrow bandwidth, dispersion characteristics, low efficiency, and gain, is presented. There is ample scope to propose a novel bow-tie antenna or to improve the existing Bow-tie antennas to achieve compactness, lightweight, reduced end-fire reflections, dispersionless characteristics, better gain and directivity, high radiation efficiency, and so on.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank our peer reviewers, Editors and Editor in Chief, who provided extensive constructive feedback on previous versions of the paper.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Rashmiranjan Nayak
Rashmiranjan Nayak was born in Odisha, India, in 1989. He received the BTech degree in electronics and telecommunication engineering from the Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India, in 2010, and the MTech degree in electronics and communication engineering (specialization: communication and networks) from the NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India, in 2016. His current research interests include modelling and designing of UWB antennas for the GPR applications, cognitive radio, and SIW filters. He is a student member of IEEE.
Subrata Maiti
Subrata Maiti was born in Medinipur, West Bengal, India, in 1978. He received the BE degree in electronics and communication engineering from NIT, Durgapur, India, in 2000, the MTech degree in electrical engineering from IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India, in 2002, the PhD in electronics and communication engineering from NIT Rourkela, India, in 2017. His PhD research topic was geophysical characterization of layered media using GPR. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor with NIT Rourkela, India. His research interests include microwave characterization and imaging, electromagnetic inverse modelling, and RF circuit designing. Email: [email protected]