Culture and Religion as Sources of Gender Inequality: Rethinking Challenges Women Face in Contemporary Africa

Summary

The aim of this article is to explore how the contentious issues of culture and religion remain sources of gender inequality and oppression for most women in Africa. Culture refers to the “learned and ideational aspects of human society” (Jenks 1993: 9). In its subjectivity, culture carries the illusion of shared concerns and values in the face of the real and contentious divisions that exist among classes, gender, race and ethnic groups. Religion refers to what people believe in; their spirituality and how this shapes people's relation with each other and with God – the Almighty. In this article, the concept of “gender” shall be taken to mean roles that are ascribed to men and women. More often than not, these roles can be presented as if they are “fixed”, “unchangeable” and “incontestable”. Culture, religion and gender are problematic terminologies that merit analysis within the context of how these are used in some African communities to justify the oppression of women. In this endeavour, the article will pay special attention to how factors such as biblical notions of the creation of man, polygamy, cultural beliefs on spirit mediums, education, violence, forced marriages, women and property ownership, as well as cultural practices such as circumcision have informed cultural and religious decisions to justify the oppression of women in contemporary Africa. The central argument of this article is that since culture and religion are socially constructed, the manner in which they define gender roles in Africa can be challenged. The idea is to interrogate, deconstruct and demystify gender stereotypes that are constructed by culture and religion to discourage women from participating fully in the development of contemporary Africa.

Opsomming

Hierdie artikel se oogmerk is om ondersoek in te stel na die omstrede vraagstukke van kultuur en godsdiens, en hoe dit steeds vir die meeste Afrikavroue bronne van genderongelykheid en verdrukking is. Kultuur is die “aangeleerde en ideasionele aspekte van die menslike samelewing” (Jenks 1993: 9). Kultuur is subjektief, maar dit skep die illusie van gedeelde belange en waardes in die teenwoordigheid van die werklike en omstrede skeidings tussen klasse en gender-, rasse-en etniese groepe. Godsdiens is dit waarin mense glo; hulle spiritualiteit en hoe dit gestalte gee aan mense se verhoudinge met mekaar en met God – die Almagtige. In hierdie artikel verwys die konsep "gender” na die rolle wat aan mans en vroue toegewys word. Dié rolle kan meestal aangebied word as “vas”, “onveranderlik” en “onweerlegbaar”. Kultuur, godsdiens en gender is problematiese terminologieë wat ontleding verdien in die konteks van hulle gebruik in sommige Afrikagemeenskappe om die verdruk-king van vroue te regverdig. In die strewe hierna skenk die artikel veral aandag aan faktore soos Bybelse idees oor die skepping van die mens, poligamie, kulturele oortuigings oor spiritistiese mediums, onderwys, geweld, gedwonge huwelike, vroue en eiendomsreg, en kulturele praktyke soos besnydenis wat tot bepaalde kulturele en godsdienstige besluitneming lei om die verdrukking van eietydse vroue in Afrika te regverdig. Die sentrale argument van die artikel is dat die wyse waarop kultuur en godsdiens genderrolle in Afrika definieer, uitgedaag en beveg kan word omdat kultuur en godsdiens konstrukte van die samelewing is. Die idee is om gender-stereotipes (wat deur kultuur en godsdiens gekonstrueer word om die volle deel-name van eietydse vroue aan die ontwikkeling van Afrika te ontmoedig) te bevraagteken, te dekonstrueer en te ontsluier.