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Abstract
In December 1997, the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa and Inanda Seminary's Governing Council decided to close southern Africa's oldest and once most prestigious school for black girls. The school survived colonialism and apartheid. Yet, after providing 128 years of quality Christian education, the Seminary could not survive South Africa's new democratic dispensation. After hearing the Council's announcement of closure, the school's alumnae (‘Old Girls’) resolved to save the Seminary. The wider church and the Council, under whose auspices and weak leadership the Seminary operated poorly, rescinded its earlier decision, relinquished control and agreed to allow the Old Girls to administer the school independently. The former students inherited an almost hopeless task. Deep infrastructural, administrative and financial rot permeated the school rendering it profoundly dysfunctional. Though the alumnae averted the school's permanent closure in 1997, the Seminary teetered within a ‘critical care’ state for the remainder of the decade. Only in the new millennium did the Seminary fully recover and again become a school of excellence. This article chronicles the crisis from 1997 to 1998 that led to the school's survival.
Acknowledgements
I thank the four anonymous peer reviewers whose substantive advice greatly improved this article and thus enabled its publication.
Notes
1. Esther Sangweni (chair), Doris Gogela, Thelma Ngidi, Zamakhosi Mpanza, June-Rose Mazibuko, Glenrose Nzimande, Gloria Sosibo, Florence Madlala (treasurer), Bongekile Dlomo and Nora Moerane.
2. ‘Old Girls’ is not a derogatory term. Rather, ‘Old Girls’ is an affectionate term to designate any woman who has attended Inanda Seminary. The term is a self-assigned designation. Old Girls refer to themselves as such, as a way of signalling a shared identity and mutual affection for their school. Gloria Sosibo and Florence Madlala are both nursing sisters. Sangweni and Zamakhosi Mpanza are both educators and formerly taught at Inanda Seminary.
3. While middle class, some Old Girls can be considered to be politically connected. For example, June-Rose is the mother of Lindiwe Mazibuko, former speaker of national parliament for the Democratic Alliance; the late Nora Moerane is former President Thabo Mbeki's aunt; and Bongekile Dlomo is currently a member of the national parliament representing the African National Congress.
4. Though race categorisations are social constructs that crudely describe far more nuanced realities, I use them to describe historical events. ‘Black’ is capitalised when used as a proper noun (‘the Blacks’) but not capitalised when used as an adjective (‘black girls’). I do likewise with other racial categories: ‘education for Whites’ and ‘a white teacher’.
5. M. Healy-Clancy, A World of Their Own: A History of South African Women's Education (Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2013), back cover.
6. Healy-Clancy, A World of Their Own, 19–28.
7. H. Hughes, ‘“A Lighthouse for African Womanhood”: Inanda Seminary, 1869–1945’, in C. Walker, ed., Women and Gender in Southern Africa (Cape Town: David Philip, 1990), 203.
8. Healy-Clancy, A World of Their Own, 2 and 19, respectively. Healy-Clancy cites on 201, fn 4: M. Hunter, ‘Beneath the “Zunami”: Jacob Zuma and the Gendered Politics of Social Reproduction in South Africa’, Antipode, February 2011, 3. This explicitly emphasises the reproduction of people and from social relations, refining Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (New York: Vintage, 1977), first published in German, 1867; first published in English, 1887, 711: ‘Every social process of production is at the same time a process of reproduction.’
9. Healy-Clancy, A World of Their Own, 231. Healy-Clancy cites on 231, fn 31: X.Y.Z. (R. Dhlomo), ‘Women and Their Responsibility’, The Bantu World, 30 September 1939, 9.
10. Mary Edwards served as the first principal from 1869. In 1927, she died at Inanda Seminary at the age of 98: J. Gamblee, Ahead of Their Time: Nineteenth-Century Miami County Women (Wooster: The Wooster Book Company, 2001), 173–214; D. Duke, ‘From True Woman to New Woman: Mary Kelly Edwards, Single Woman Missionary to Natal, South Africa, 1868–1927’ (PhD thesis, Princeton University, 2004).
11. Healy-Clancy, A World of Their Own, 143, 189.
12. Following Edgar Brookes, Bekisipho Dludla served twice as chair (1973–1981 and 1990–1997). Between Dludla's terms, Eric Phillips (1982–1985), Hyacinth Bhengu (1986) and Edward Gilfillan (1987–1989) served as chair.
13. Healy-Clancy, A World of Their Own, 189.
14. Inanda Seminary Archive, Lucy Lindley Interpretive Centre (hereafter ‘ISA’), Board of Governors Reports (BoGR), Memorandum regarding the meeting on 12 December, 22 December 1997.
15. I thank Thembisa Waetjen for her suggestion to use ‘proximate’ and ‘acute’ to differentiate the causes of Inanda Seminary's crisis. The Bantu Education Act, No. 47 of 1953 was amended in 1954, 1956, 1959 and 1961.
16. As I refer to ‘Bantu Education’, I also include therein ‘Coloured’ and ‘Indian’ education.
17. F. Molteno, ‘Part One: The Origins of Black Education – The Historical Foundations of the Schooling of Black South Africans’, in Apartheid and Education: The Education of Black South Africans, ed. Peter Kallaway (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1984), 94.
18. Lavinia Scott served as principal from 1939 to 1969, during which time she saved the school from closure by the apartheid regime. P. Ngonyama, ‘“The Struggle for Survival”: [The] Last Years of Adams College, 1953–1956’, Journal of Natal and Zulu History, 28 (2010), 36–52; S. Du Rand, ‘From Mission School to Bantu Education: A History of Adams College’ (MA thesis, University of Natal, 1990); S. Couper, ‘Fearing for Its Future: Bantu Education's Threat of Closure to Inanda Seminary’, Journal of Gender & Religion in Africa, 17, 1 (July 2011), 74–95.
19. Healy-Clancy, A World of Their Own, 121.
20. For decades, Inanda Seminary was the primary supplier of qualified students to be trained at the Congregational church's McCord Zulu Hospital in Durban: P. Watts, ‘Missionary Institutions, Nursing and Christianity: An Examination of McCord Hospital from 1950–1973’ (BA thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006).
21. S. Couper, ‘“What Am I Fit For?”: Negative Manifestations of Bantu Education at Inanda Seminary during the 1970s’, Prism, 25, 1 (Spring 2011), 114–115.
22. ISA, correspondence from Lincoln Nyembezi to Roger Aylard, 1 June 1972, 1.
23. Healy-Clancy, A World of Their Own, 120–162.
24. Hughes, ‘“A Lighthouse for African Womanhood”’, 206. In the late 1880s, Inanda Seminary received a £25 per month government grant: ISA, Expenditure 1888-1884, Receipts, 6. The grant continued until 1958: Couper, ‘Fearing for Its Future’, 76–77.
25. M. Horrell, Bantu Education to 1968 (Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1968), 11.
26. Couper, ‘“What Am I Fit For?”’, 99–125.
27. J. Marcum, ed., Education, Race, and Social Change in South Africa: For the Study Team of the United States – South Africa Leader Exchange Program, in Perspectives on Southern Africa 34 (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), 10–11.
28. Council for Black Education and Research, ‘Document IV’, in Marcum, Education, Race and Social Change, 109, 113.
29. S. Couper, ‘“… It Is Clear Something Is Very Wrong Here!”: Inanda Seminary's Continued Survival during the 1980s’, Historia, 58, 1 (May 2013), 74–105.
30. D. Tilton, ‘Creating an ‘“Educated Workforce”: Inkatha, Big Business and Educational Reform in KwaZulu’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 18, 1 (1991), 167.
31. D. Tilton, ‘Creating an ‘“Educated Workforce”: Inkatha, Big Business and Educational Reform in KwaZulu’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 18, 1 (1991), 171.
32. ‘Along with superior facilities most former “Model C” schools also probably perform well due to greater parental involvement, through pro-active governing bodies and parent teacher associations. In addition, they are able to charge parents of pupils higher fees, as they normally serve affluent areas. Higher fees allow schools to employ extra teachers who are appointed by the governing body, rather than the Department of Basic Education, resulting in smaller classes. The power of teachers’ unions, especially the South African Democratic Teachers Union, also is weaker in “Model C” schools. This leads to less disruptions, especially during strikes. During the public service strike last year, which included teachers, former “Model C” schools generally managed to function without interruption, while many other schools had lessons disrupted, or simply closed over the duration of the labour action’: M. Roodt, ‘Research and Policy Brief: “Model C” Is the Model to Emulate’, The Star, 1 February 2011. Published by the South African Institute of Race Relations: http://www.sairr.org.za/sairr-today-1/research-and-policy-brief-model-c-is-the-model-to-emulate-1-february-2011, accessed 4 March 2013.
33. P. Mtolo, ‘Famous School Struggles in the New SA’, The Mercury, c. 1997. The ISA archivist who saved the referenced newspaper clipping did not record a specific date. The clipping is found at ISA.
34. Southern African Legal Information Institute, Databases, South Africa: Numbered Acts, South African Schools Act, 1996: http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/sasa1996228/, accessed 4 March 2014.
35. ‘Subsidies to registered independent schools’, Chapter 5, sub-section 48, item 1 of the South African Schools Act, 1996. 48. (1) The Minister may, by notice in the Government Gazette, determine norms and minimum standards for the granting of subsidies to independent schools after consultation with the Council of Education Ministers and the Financial and Fiscal Commission and with the concurrence of the Minister of Finance: http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/sasa1996228/, accessed 4 March 2014.
36. R. Southhall, Liberation Movements in Power: Party & State in Southern Africa (Scottsville, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2013), 190. Southhall uses this term in association with a breakdown in ‘good governance’ due to an increasingly informalised economy in a chapter entitled ‘Liberation Movements and Society’.
37. The 1989 Constitution states that ‘the Controlling Authority’ of Inanda Seminary shall be the Assembly (that meets only biennially] of the UCCSA or its Executive Committee: ISA, Revised September 1989 Inanda Seminary Constitution, Article II, sub-item a., 1.
38. A. Wood, Shine Where You Are: A Centenary History of Inanda Seminary 1869–1969 (Alice: Lovedale Press, 1972), 154–155. The constitution evolved over the years. For example, during the 1970s and 1980s, contention existed between the Governing Council, the UCCSA and the principal regarding who has the authority to hire and fire employees of the school. Nonetheless, the 1989 Constitution articulates the same powers. ISA, Revised September 1989 Inanda Seminary Constitution, Article V, sub-items a. – w., 4–5.
39. S. Couper, ‘“They Have Opened Their Doors to Black Children at Our Expense”: The Chronicle of Inanda Seminary during the 1990s’, Historia, 59, 1 (2014), 88–117.
40. ISA, Staff Files (SF), Clela Anderson, correspondence via email from Anderson to Scott Couper, 6 May 2013.
41. Mtolo, ‘Famous School Struggles.’
42. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, Excerpts from Newsletters of Clela Anderson to Family Sent from Inanda Seminary, 23 June 1997. The names of people handling finances have been withheld in this article.
43. The United Church Board for World Ministries (UCBWM) is the successor body to the American Board, established in 1957 when the Congregationalists merged with other denominations to form the United Church of Christ (UCC). Bonganjalo Goba is a black South African from Inanda who received his higher education in the United States and ordination within the Congregational faith tradition. Daniel Hoffman succeeded Goba in 1992 as the Africa executive. Goba later again led the Africa Office for Global Ministries, a joint mission instrumentality and successor to UCBWM for the UCC and Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in the United States.
44. ISA, Bonganjalo Goba, correspondence to Scott Couper, via email, 21 May 2013.
45. ISA, Board of Governors Minutes (BoGM), 10 December, 1996, item iii, 1. The Committee included: Timothy Maluleka, Dexter Zama, Robin Thompson, Oscar Dhlomo, Bekisipho Dludla (chair), Clela Anderson (chaplain), W.D.G. Agates, Fanyana Mhlambo (former principal).
46. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, News from Inanda, February 1997. Clela Anderson's final statement is telling. Anderson previously spent 21 years as a missionary in Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) from 1957–1974 and from 1978–1982, a most difficult place at which to minister. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, Division of Overseas Ministries, UCBWM, Department of Personnel, Julia Brown Karimu, executive secretary, Statement of Appointment Recommendations, 19 May 1995.
47. ISA, BoGM, 1997, 27 February 1997, 1.
48. ISA, BoGM, 1997, 27 February 1997, 1.
49. Boarders paid a total of R5600. Ten per cent, or R560, of the R5600 was calculated to be tuition. Day scholars by contrast initially paid only 36% tuition as boarders (R200): ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, News from Inanda, March 1997.
50. ISA, BoGR, ‘Report of [the] Commission on the Mission of Inanda Seminary’, submitted by Bonganjalo Goba and Clela Anderson, 20 February 1997, 7.
51. ISA, BoGR, ‘Report of [the] Commission on the Mission of Inanda Seminary’, submitted by Bonganjalo Goba and Clela Anderson, 20 February 1997, 9 and 8.
52. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, correspondence to Scott Couper, via email, 30 April 2013.
53. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, correspondence to Scott Couper, via email, 6 May 2013.
54. ISA, BoGR, ‘Report of [the] Commission’, 1–2.
55. ISA, BoGR, ‘Report of [the] Commission’, 7.
56. Mtolo, ‘Famous School Struggles.’
57. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, Excerpts from Newsletters of Clela Anderson, 23 June 1997.
58. The Language Rule emphasised the use of English to the exclusions of other indigenous languages in casual and informal conversation among students on campus: ISA, Correspondences, 1997, incoming, to the Governing Council of the Inanda Seminary to Inanda Seminary Old Girls’ Club, c. 1997, 1. Esther Sangweni (chair) and Doris Gogela (fundraiser and public relations officer) signed the correspondence on behalf of the Old Girls’ Club. The name of the Inanda Seminary Old Girls Club is also known as the Inanda Seminary Old Girls Association (ISOGA). This paper will often use the term ‘Old Girls’ when referring to either. During the interregnum of the Governing Council (1997) and the Board of Governors (1998), members of ISOGA and others formed, with the inclusion of others, the ‘Crisis Committee’. The Crisis Management Committee morphed into the ‘Committee of 10’ in the first half of 1998 and later the ‘Power of 10’, which officially became the Board of Governors.
59. ISA, BoGR, ‘Report of [the] Commission’, 7.
60. The financial administrator graduated from Inanda Seminary in 1980. She attended the University of the North for a Bachelors of Commerce, but she did not graduate. She later did a one year computer course for a diploma: ISA, SF, name withheld, Curriculum Vitae, 11 July 1995, 2–3.
61. ISA, BoGM, 28 February 1997, 3.
62. ISA, BoGR, 23 April 1997, item 1.
63. ISA, BoGR, 23 April 1997, item 7.
64. ISA, Financial Statements (FS), 1997, Nkonki Sizwe Ntsaluba, Audit Management Report for the Year Ended 31 March 1997, 1–9.
65. Mtolo, ‘Famous School Struggles’, 1997.
66. Busisiwe Mdladla's maiden name, and thus surname while a student, was ‘Madlala’.
67. ISA, interview, Busisiwe Mdladla, by Scott Couper, at Inanda Seminary, 23 October 2013. An edited transcript can be found in: “A Conversation with Busie Mdladla”, The Bulletin of the Congregational Library and Archives 10, 2 (2014), 23–26.
68. Hughes, ‘A Lighthouse for African Womanhood’, 219. Hughes cites Wood, Shine Where You Are, 102.
69. Hughes, ‘A Lighthouse for African Womanhood’, 219.
70. ISA, BoGR, ‘Report of [the] Commission’, 6.
71. ISA, BoGR, ‘Report of [the] Commission’, 6.
72. ISA, Matric Results (MR), 1995 and 1996. In 1996, there were 73 candidates.
73. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, News from Inanda, March 1997. However, Clela Anderson's claims about the ‘high academic passes’, if equivalent to a bachelor's rate (university entrance), not being as high as the school is accustomed is inaccurate. Bachelor's rates from 1990 are: 69, 75, 78, 55 40 and 92%.
74. ISA, BoGM, Meeting between the BoG and Old Governing Council, 9 June 1998, item 1, 1.
75. ISA, BoGM, Special Meeting Between the Governing Council and the Inanda Seminary Old Girls Association, the Crisis Committee, the Education Department and SACTWU, 12 December 1997, item 3, 1.
76. ISA, Principal's Reports (PR), 1997.
77. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, Excerpts from Newsletters of Clela Anderson, 24 August 1997.
78. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, Excerpts from Newsletters of Clela Anderson, 24 August 1997.
79. Wood, Shine Where You Are, 155. I assume that the ‘Mission Board’ Wood mentions is the ‘United Church Board [for World Ministries]’.
80. ISA, interview, Ian Booth, by Scott Couper, at Diakonia Council of Churches in Durban, 14 August 2013.
81. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, correspondence to Scott Couper, via email, 6 May 2013.
82. Allan Wentzel only came onto the Governing Council on behalf of the UCCSA from 12 December 1997 as it was being dissolved through his own negotiations with the Old Girls and the UCCSA.
83. ISA, interview, Allan Wentzel, by Scott Couper, at Inanda Seminary, 16 August 2013.
84. ISA, SF, Clela Anderson, correspondence to Scott Couper, via email, 28 November 2013.
85. Bonganjalo Goba served as the UCCSA president, and thus the chair, of the Assembly. Ian Booth had served on the Governing Council since December 1996.
86. ISA, SF, Ian Booth, correspondence to Scott Couper, via email, 28 November 2013. The Assembly is the ultimate body by which decisions are made in the UCCSA. The 1997 Assembly record lists two resolutions concerning Inanda Seminary: One, that the Reverend Mike Kirby visit the Seminary with the KZN regional council ‘for three or more days’ to thoroughly assess the school's finances and, two, that the Executive Committee authorise the officers of the denomination to seek professional advice and on that basis ‘determine whether Inanda Seminary should continue operating’: UCCSA Head Office Archives, Brixton, Johannesburg, 1997 Assembly Minutes, ‘Report of Commission on the Mission of Inanda Seminary’, item 35, sub-item i. and Recommendation No. 24, sub-item i., 18. Though not present at the September Assembly, Mike Kirby recalls that he fulfilled the resolution to visit Inanda Seminary for further investigation. Based solely on financial concerns, Kirby recommended to the general secretary, Samual Arends, that the school close if there was not some revolutionary change in people's commitment to save the school. Arends then dispatched Allan Wentzel to formulate a second opinion. Wentzel negotiated with those who wished to save the school and thereafter he recommended desperate efforts involving the Old Girls: ISA, telephone interview, M. Kirby, by Scott Couper, 29 November 2013.
87. Robin Thompson served on the Governing Council since December 1996.
88. ISA, interview, Robin Thompson, by Scott Couper, at Berea Congregational Church in Durban, 20 August 2013.
89. I understand the Governing Council to be the legal entity that decided on the school's closure. Exactly when the Council made the decision to close the school is unclear. Only one 1997 Council meeting for the year can be found in the Inanda Seminary archive (February 1997).
90. What is unclear is the specific timeline. Mike Kirby likely visited the school and gave his recommendation to the general secretary before the Governing Council decided to close the school. Allan Wentzel's intervention likely followed after the Council's decision to close the school.
91. ISA, B. Dludla, telephone interview, by Scott Couper, 27 November 2013.
92. ISA, B. Mdladla, interview, by Scott Couper, at Inanda Seminary, 23 October 2013. ‘At Home’ is the annual celebration whereby alumnae return to visit the school and prize-giving occurs.
93. UCCSA KwaZulu-Natal Region (KZNR) at the UCCSA KZN regional office in Musgrave, Administrative Committee Minutes (ACM), 14 October 1997, item A 31, 2.
94. ISA, interview, Z. Mpanza, G. Khumalo, P. Nkosi-Msimango and F. Madlala, by Scott Couper, at Inanda Seminary, 2 March 2013.
95. ISA, BoGR, Report of the Inanda Seminary Crisis Management Committee in the Meeting of the Governing Council, by Florence Madlala, 3 December 1997, 1.
96. ISA, BoGR, Report of the Crisis Management Committee, 3 December 1997, 1.
97. ISA, BoGR, Report of the Crisis Management Committee, 3 December 1997, 2.
98. The Crisis Management Members composed itself of: Bongekile Dlomo (Old Girl), Florence Madlala (Old Girl), Lindiwe Baloyi (Old Girl), Glenrose Nzimande (Old Girl), Muzi Hlongwane (parent), Nsikelelo Gwamanda (community), Lindiwe Mahlutshana (parent), Blessing Mthethwa (parent), Sam Goba (community) and Nathi Mhlongo (parent): ISA, Old Girls Club Minutes (OGCM), Resolution Taken at the 2 November 1997 Meeting, 2 November 1997, item 3, 1.
99. ISA, OGCM, Resolution Taken at the November 2, 1997 Meeting, 2 November 1997, item 3, 1.
100. ISA, BoGR, Strategy to Rescue Inanda Seminary, item 4, 2. The school contacted a service provider to recover the outstanding school fees.
101. ISA, BoGR, Presentation to Governing Council Chairman by Inanda Seminary Old Girls, documented on a fax from the USA Consulate, 10 November 1997, 1.
102. ISA, BoGR, Presentation to Governing Council Chairman by Inanda Seminary Old Girls, 10 November 1997, 2. The document could have been prepared for the 3 or 9 December 1997 meetings. This document also reveals the Old Girls’ suspicion of the acting principal, despite her recently being appointed to the Crisis Management Committee on 2 November 1997. The Old Girls wished to ‘minimise the powers of the acting principal until the crisis is over’.
103. ISA, BoGR, Report of the Crisis Management Committee, 3 December 1997, 3.
104. ISA, BoGR, Report of the Crisis Management Committee, 3 December 1997, 4.
105. KZNR, ACM, 9 December 1997, item A 58, 3.
106. ISA, BoGR, Memorandum regarding the Meeting on 12 December between inter alia Governing Council and the Crisis Committee, by Allan Wentzel, 22 December 1997.
107. ISA, interview, Mpanza, Khumalo, Nkosi-Msimango and Madlala, by Scott Couper, at Inanda Seminary, 2 March 2013.
108. ISA, BoGR, Memorandum regarding the Meeting on 12 December, 22 December 1997.
109. ISA, interview, Mpanza, Khumalo, Nkosi-Msimango and Madlala, by Scott Couper, at Inanda Seminary, 2 March 2013.
110. It can be argued that once Inanda Seminary became an independent Section 21 company, it ceased to be beholden to the UCCSA other than as a tenant on church land.
111. ISA, interview, Mpanza, Khumalo, Nkosi-Msimango and Madlala, by Scott Couper, at Inanda Seminary, 2 March 2013.
112. The chairs of the Board of Governors have been Esther Sangweni (1998–2007), Leon Lambert (2008–2010 and 2012 to present) and Bongekile Dlomo (2011–2012).
113. ISA, BoGM, Special Meeting, 12 December 1997, item 9, 4.
114. ISA, BoGM, Special Meeting, 12 December 1997, item 9, 4.
115. ‘Inanda Seminary is no longer closing. It will be re-opening in January 1998’: ISA, correspondences, 1997, outgoing, to news readers of various radio stations, 30 December 1997.
116. ISA, interview, Busisiwe Mdladla, by Scott Couper, at Inanda Seminary, 23 October 2013.
117. ISA, interview, Z. Mpanza (student, 1964–1969; librarian, 1974–1978), by M. Healy-Clancy, in Durban, 21 March 2009. Also found at: http://enanda.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/mpanza.pdf, accessed 4 March 2014.
118. ISA, BoGR, Report of Inanda Seminary Board of Governors to the Regional Administration/Representatives of the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa, 24 April 1998, 2.
119. ISA, BoGR, Meeting between Management and Matrons, 12 January 1998, 1.
120. ISA, BoGR, Ad Hoc Management Meeting, 18 January 1998.
121. ISA, BoGR, Ad Hoc Management Meeting, 18 January 1998.
122. ISA, BoGR, Report: Application Fees Not Receipted, 27 January 1998.
123. ISA, BoGM, Meeting between Management and [name withheld] and [name withheld], 19 January 1998, item 2, 2. In response to the question, ‘if in the previous administration, she was specifically authorised to collect money’, she replied, ‘[…] “anyone” could collect this money and indeed many within the administration did’.
124. ISA, SF, name withheld, affidavit and report entitled ‘Application Fees Not Received’, 1 April 1998 and 27 January 1998, respectively.
125. ISA, SF, Thandi Mngadi, correspondence from Mngadi (not accused) to the Inanda Seminary Management Committee, ‘Statement in Connection with Funds’, 27 January 1998, 2. [Name withheld] attended Inanda Seminary's Secretarial School before being employed at the Inanda Seminary: ISA, SF, name withheld.
126. ISA, SF, Thandi Mngadi, correspondence from Mngadi (not accused) to the Inanda Seminary Management Committee, ‘Statement in Connection with Funds’, 27 January 1998, 2.
127. ISA, BoGR, 1998, correspondence To Whom It May Concern from Academic Staff, Inanda Seminary, 30 January 1998.
128. ISA, BoGR, Circular BOG/2/98, 27 January 1998. All 19 staff members signed that they had received the notice.
129. ISA, Board of Governors Correspondence (BoGC), correspondence from N.E. Gcwabaza to The Management/Board of Trustees, 30 January 1997 (sic).
130. ISA, BoGR, Press Statement, n.d.
131. ISA, BoGR, Report of Inanda Seminary Board of Governors, 24 April 1998, 2.
132. Obed Mlaba's daughter attended school at Inanda Seminary.
133. After becoming deputy president of South Africa and chairperson of the ANC, Baleka Mbete became the speaker of the national parliament after Max Sisulu.
134. ISA, BoGC, correspondence from the academic staff to the chairperson, 5 March 1998.
135. ISA, BoGR, ‘Final Submission by Inanda Seminary New Management’, March 1998.
136. ISA, BoGR, ‘Final Submission by Inanda Seminary New Management’, March 1998.
137. ISA, BoGC, correspondence from Desmond van der Water and Timothy Maluleka to ‘Madam/Sir’, 2 April 1998.
138. ISA, BoGC, correspondence from Student Body to Board of Governors, n.d.
139. ISA, BoGR, Report of the Inanda Seminary Board of Governors, 24 April 1998.
140. ISA, BoGR, Point of Meeting, 1 April 1998, 1.
141. ISA, BoGR, correspondence from the Student Body to Parent/Guardian, 1 April 1998.
142. ISA, BoGM, Agenda for Meeting between BoG, Parents, Staff and Friends of Inanda Seminary, 4 April 1998.
143. Most of the student boycott stretched over a term break. Nonetheless, school resumed on 14 April 1998. Yet, many students did not return until 17 April 1998.
144. Richings may be citing law from the 1996 South African Schools Act, chapter 5, subsections 49–50. ‘Declaration of an Independent School as Public School’: 49. (1) The Member of the Executive Council may, with the concurrence of the Member of the Executive Council responsible for finance, enter into an agreement with the owner of an independent school in terms whereof such independent school is declared to be a public school. (2) Notice of the change of status contemplated in subsection (1) must be published in the Provincial Gazette: South African Legal Information Institute, http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/sasa1996228/, accessed 4 March 2014.
145. ISA, BoGR, Opinion, Ex Parte: The Inanda Seminary Old Girls’ Association in Re: Status of the Inanda Seminary, 4, 5, 7.
146. ISA, BoGR, ‘Statement of the Inanda Seminary Board of Governors Concerning the Status of Inanda Seminary presented at the 19 April 1998 Meeting’, 2.
147. ISA, BoGR, Report of the Inanda Seminary Board of Governors, 24 April 1998, 4.
148. ISA, BoGM, 22 April 1998, item 1.e, 2.
149. ISA, Staff Meeting Minutes (SMM), Resolution, 28 April 1998.
150. The ‘Inanda Seminary Old Girls Association (ISOGA) Development Trust’ created a fund for the purpose of running, maintaining and developing Inanda Seminary and all its development projects for the benefit of specified communities in the Inanda area: ISA, ISOGA Education and Development Trust ‘Deed of Trust’, 27 February 1999.
151. ISA, BoGM, 22 June 1998, 1.
152. A pay-as-you-earn tax (PAYE) is a withholding tax on income payments to employees. Amounts withheld are treated as advance payments of income tax due: ISA, BoGM, 21 June 1998, 1.
153. ISA, BoGM, 15 November 1998, item 17.1, 5.
154. The name of the company was ‘ISOGA Education and Development Institute’ (97/05605/08): ISA, ISOGA Education and Development Institute ‘Articles of Associations’, n.d. ‘Sizanentuthuko Community Services’, first established as a Section 21 company on 15 April 1997, transferred itself as a legal entity to Inanda Seminary by changing its name to ‘Inanda Seminary Education and Development Institute’ in June 2000: ISA, Certificate of Change of Name of Company, 13 June 2000.
155. ISA, BoGM, Inanda Seminary Old Girls Association and the UCCSA as [the] Board of Governors, 14 September 1998, 2.
156. ISA, BoGM, 1 November 1998, 3.
157. ISA, BoGM, 8 November 1998, item 5b, 2.
158. ISA, BoGM, 8 November 1998, item 17, 3.
159. ISA, BoGM, 1 November 1998, item 1, 1.
160. Linda Zama is the sister of Old Girl Cynthia Mpathi, who led Inanda Seminary as part-time principal.
161. ISA, BoGM, 22 November 1998, 1.
162. ISA, MR, 1998.
163. ISA, interview, Erica Joubert, by Scott Couper, at Inanda Seminary, 25 November 2013. Jeremiah Wright, living-up to his namesake, ‘Jeremiah’, inadvertently caused a great deal of turmoil for Barak Obama's first presidential campaign by prophetically denouncing the United States’ history of oppression in a sermon at his church.