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Abstract
By incorporating the concept of speciesism into a multi-disciplinary critical approach to animal–human studies in leisure, I provide an overview of anthropomorphism and entomophobia and suggest how these concepts limit our understanding of human–insect encounters. The concentric circles of leisure illustrate how human–insect encounters in rural and urban areas are often influenced by our senses, spatial cues, socio-cultural forces and our perceived need for safety and comfort. In his study of the pluralistic aspects of environmental values, Norton (Citation2000) suggested that we should be cautious in the dichotomy of the opposites and seek to find new approaches that consider the multitude of perspectives, the nuances and inconsistencies that make up human values of nature. Such an approach requires challenging the institutionalised speciesism woven into many aspects of our recreational activities, critiquing the philosophical underpinnings of anthropomorphism and entomophobia, and addressing inter and intra species dynamics throughout various leisure terrains (i.e. indoor/outdoor, urban/rural and local/global) and illustrating how such movements creates interactions that are fluid, complex, unsettling and rewarding. The potential contributions of leisure to this emerging field are outlined in the conclusion.
这篇文章包含了物种歧视概念和科学交叉的辩证方法在休闲学中的应用。我提供了关于拟人论和昆虫恐惧论的综述, 来解释为什么这些概念阻止了我们人类和昆虫的交流。这种休闲同心圆阐明了人和昆虫在城乡地区的交流经常受到感知, 空间特征, 社会文化形态和我们对于安全和舒适的认知需求的影响。在2000年诺顿的研究中, 考虑了环境价值的多个方面, 提出差异性和矛盾性是人类价值的特性, 我们应当谨慎对待之前截然相反的理论, 寻求一种能够考虑多个方面的新方法。这种方法需要挑战交织在娱乐活动各个方面的制度化的物种歧视, 批判拟人论和物种歧视的哲学基础, 并且通过不同的休闲地形来强调内在和外在的物种动力学 (例如, 室内/室外、城市/农村、本地/全球)。并且说明这些活动如何创造流动的, 复杂的, 使人不安的或是有益的交互。这个新出现的领域这些对于休闲学的潜在贡献也在展示在结论当中。
Ao incorporar o conceito de especismo em uma abordagem crítica multidisciplinar dos estudos animais-humanos no lazer, realizo uma visão global do antropomorfismo e da entomofobia e proponho como esses conceitos limitam nosso entendimento dos encontros entre insetos e humanos. Os círculos concêntricos do lazer ilustram como encontros entre humanos e insetos em áreas urbanas e rurais são geralmente influenciados por nossos sentidos, disposições espaciais, forças socioculturais e nossa aparente necessidade de segurança e conforto. Em seu estudo sobre os aspectos pluralistas de valores ecológicos, Norton (2000) sugere que devemos ser cuidadosos em relação à dicotomia dos opostos e procurar novas abordagens que considerem as diversas perspectivas, nuances e inconsistências que compõem os valores humanos da natureza. Essa abordagem requer o desafio ao especismo institucionalizado imbricado de diferentes formas em nossas atividades recreacionais, a crítica às sustentações filosóficas do antropomorfismo e da entomofobia, o enfoque sobre dinâmicas inter e intra espécies nos vários terrenos de lazer (i.e. local fechado/aberto, urbano/rural e local/global) e a ilustração de como tais movimentos criam interações que são fluidas, complexas, inquietantes e recompensadoras. As contribuições em potencial do lazer para esse campo emergente são delineadas na conclusão.
Acknowledgements
This research was made possible through a research grant provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). I would like to thank Dr Sue Arai, Dr David Fennell and Dr Elaine Wiersma for their pre-manuscript submission revisions. I would also like to thank the editors and the reviewers for their constructive feedback on the manuscript. Last, I would like to thank the tiny majority (the insects) for the constant inspiration and wonder that they provide.