Physiological characteristics of America's Cup sailors

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the physiological profile of America's Cup grinders and mastmen, by measuring energy expenditure during sailing and assessing their aerobic and anaerobic fitness. The study focused on estimating the energy used during grinding activity, by measuring oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂) during sail setting in real sailing conditions. In the laboratory, using an arm-cranking ergometer, we measured [Vdot]O_2peak during an incremental maximal exercise test and total energy expended during the effort and recovery phases of an all-out test that simulated grinding activity, in six grinders and mastmen and ten sailors of the same crew. Total energy used during grinding corresponded to 45% (s = 9) and 51% (s = 5) of that used in the all-out test (234 kJ, s = 21.7) for tacks and gybes, respectively. In both grinding activity and the all-out test, [Vdot]O₂ increased during and after the effort. The “[Vdot]O₂ top value” was 53% (s = 8.6), 68% (s = 5.5), and 78% (s = 3.1) of [Vdot]O_2peak (4.7 l · min⁻¹, s = 0.43) in tacks, gybes, and the all-out test, respectively. During fast sequences of grinding activity, the “[Vdot]O₂ top value” reached 65% (s = 7.1) [Vdot]O_2peak in tacks and 91% (s = 3.3) [Vdot]O_2peak in gybes. Our results suggest that grinders and mastmen are characterized by a high anaerobic capacity but their performance can be improved by powering aerobic fitness, to increase this energy contribution to all-out efforts and to guarantee fast recovery when grinding activity is repeated with short rest intervals.

Keywords:

• Oxygen consumption
• recovery
• grinding activity
• all-out test
• sailing

Acknowledgements

We thank Louis Tucci for his valuable support in editing this paper. We are grateful to the “Mascalzone Latino America's Cup Challenger Team” for their cooperation.