Electrical and mechanical response of skeletal muscle to electrical stimulation after acute passive stretching in humans: A combined electromyographic and mechanomyographic approach

Abstract

Two mechanisms have been suggested to explain stretching-induced maximum force depression: a mechanical alteration in the stretched muscle and an impairment of neural activation. Electrical stimulation allows standardization of the level of muscle activation without being limited by neural control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stretching-induced changes in the electrical and mechanical properties of muscle during electrically elicited contractions. Twelve participants (age 22 ± 1 years; body mass 75 ± 2 kg; stature 1.79 ± 0.02 m; mean ± standard error) underwent six electrical stimulations of the medial gastrocnemius muscle before and after stretching. During the contractions, surface electromyogram (EMG) and mechanomyogram (MMG) were recorded simultaneously together with force. After stretching we found: (i) no differences in EMG parameters; (ii) MMG amplitude decreased by 4 ± 1% (P < 0.05); and (iii) the peak force, the peak rate of force development, and the acceleration peak of force development decreased by 12 ± 3%, 14 ± 1%, and 24 ± 5%, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, acute passive stretching did not change EMG properties but altered the mechanical characteristics of the contracting muscle. Indeed, muscle force-generating capacity and stiffness of the muscle–tendon unit were significantly impaired.

Keywords:

• Isometric contraction
• mechanomyogram
• electrical stimulation
• muscle–tendon unit

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the participants who volunteered for the study, for their patience and their committed participation. The study was supported in part by the University of Milan, School of Exercise Science, and by Fondazione CARIPLO, Milan–Italy.