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ABSTRACT
Every individual harbours a complex, diverse and mutualistic microbial flora in their intestine and over the time it became an integral part of the body, affecting a plethora of activities of the host. Interaction between host and gut-microbiota affects several aspects of host physiology. Gut-microbiota affects host metabolism by fermenting unabsorbed/undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine. Not only the metabolic functions, any disturbances in the composition of the gut-microbiota during first 2–3 years of life may impact on the brain development and later affects cognition and behaviour. Thus, gut-dysbiosis causes certain serious pathological conditions in the host including metabolic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease and mood alterations, etc. Microbial-metabolites in recent times have emerged as key mediators and are responsible for microbiota induced beneficial effects on host. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of microbial-metabolite production, their respective physiological functions and the impact of gut-microbiome in health and diseases. Metabolites from dietary fibres, aromatic amino acids such as tryptophan, primary bile acids and others are the potential substances and link microbiota to host physiology. Many of these metabolites act as signalling molecules to a number of cells types and also help in the secretion of hormones. Moreover, interaction of microbiota derived metabolites with their host, immunity boosting mechanisms, protection against pathogens and modulation of metabolism is also highlighted here. Understanding all these functional attributes of metabolites produced from gut-microbiota may lead to the opening of a new avenue for preventing and developing potent therapies against several diseases.
Authors’ contributions
ND wrote the manuscript. AKY, RK and AK critically revised the manuscript for its intellectual content, and gave final approval for the corrected version of the manuscript. ND and PKM drew the figures. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Correction Statement
This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
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Notes on contributors
Nabendu Debnath
Nabendu Debanath is currently working as PhD scholar at Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, J&K, India. He is working in the field of probiotic and microbial metabolites. Mr. Debnath did his Master degree in Human physiology from Calcutta University, West Bengal, India.
Ravinder Kumar
Dr. Ravinder Kumar is working as Manager (R&D) at Technology and Innovation Centre, IPL Biologicals Gurugram, Haryana. Dr Kumar has vast research experience in the field of microbial pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, probiotic and designer probiotic etc.
Ashwani Kumar
Dr. Ashwani Kumar is working as Assistant Professor & Teacher In-Charge at Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, India. He has published 25 papers in the field of gene cloning & expression, probiotics and molecular diagnostics in various national and international journals, besides 17 book chapters, 01 edited book and 05 GenBank Submissions. He is an invited reviewer for more than dozens esteemed journals and research projects submitted under ECR/EMR category of Science and Engineering Research Board (Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi).
Praveen Kumar Mehta
Dr. Praveen Kumar Mehta is working as Assistant Professor at Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, J&K, India. Dr. Mehta has research experience in the field of industrial microbiology, protein engineering and metabolites etc.
Ashok Kumar Yadav
Dr. Ashok Kumar Yadav is working as Assistant Professor & Academic Coordinator at Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, J&K, India. Dr. Yadav has research expertise in the field of gene cloning and expression of recombinant protein in various prokaryotic host systems, probiotic/designer probiotic, microbial metabolites, genomics and metabolomics. He has published numerous research and review articles in the field of microbiology, molecular biology, biotechnology and probiotics in several national and international journals and he has also published various book chapters in edited books.