Emergence of infectious diseases and role of advanced nanomaterials in point-of-care diagnostics: a review

ABSTRACT

Infectious outbreaks are the foremost global public health concern, challenging the current healthcare system, which claims millions of lives annually. The most crucial way to control an infectious outbreak is by early detection through point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. POC diagnostics are highly advantageous owing to the prompt diagnosis, which is economical, simple and highly efficient with remote access capabilities. In particular, utilization of nanomaterials to architect POC devices has enabled highly integrated and portable (compact) devices with enhanced efficiency. As such, this review will detail the factors influencing the emergence of infectious diseases and methods for fast and accurate detection, thus elucidating the underlying factors of these infections. Furthermore, it comprehensively highlights the importance of different nanomaterials in POCs to detect nucleic acid, whole pathogens, proteins and antibody detection systems. Finally, we summarize findings reported on nanomaterials based on advanced POCs such as lab-on-chip, lab-on-disc-devices, point-of-action and hospital-on-chip. To this end, we discuss the challenges, potential solutions, prospects of integrating internet-of-things, artificial intelligence, 5G communications and data clouding to achieve intelligent POCs.

KEYWORDS:

• Point of care testing
• diagnostics
• nanomaterials
• COVID
• biosensing
• internet-of-things
• artificial intelligence

Acknowledgement

The authors thank Sunway University for research funding through the International Research Network Grant Scheme, 2022 (STR-IRNGS-SET-GAMRG-01-2022) and Individual Research Grant, 2021 (GRTIN-IRG-03-2021).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported by the Sunway University [STR-IRNGS-SET-GAMRG-01-2022].