Recent advancements in toxicology, modern technology for detection, and remedial measures for arsenic exposure: review

ABSTRACT

Arsenic toxicity has become a major global health concern for humans and animals due to extensive environmental and occupational exposure to arsenic-contaminated water, air, soil, and plant and animal origin food. It has a wide range of detrimental effects on animals, humans, and the environment. As a result, various experimental and clinical studies were undertaken and are undergoing to understand its source of exposures, pathogenesis, identify key biomarkers, the medical and economic impact on affected populations and ecosystems, and their timely detection and control measures. Despite these extensive studies, no conclusive information for the prevention and control of arsenic toxicity is available, owing to complex epidemiology and pathogenesis, including an imprecise approach and repetitive work. As a result, there is a need for literature that focuses on recent studies on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, detection, and ameliorative measures of arsenic toxicity to assist researchers and policymakers in the practical future planning of research and community control programs. According to the preceding viewpoint, this review article provides an extensive analysis of the recent progress on arsenic exposure to humans through the environment, livestock, and fish, arsenic toxicopathology, nano-biotechnology-based detection, and current remedial measures for the benefit of researchers, academicians, and policymakers in controlling arsenic eco-toxicology and directing future research. Arsenic epidemiology should therefore place the greatest emphasis on the prevalence of different direct and indirect sources in the afflicted areas, followed by control strategies.

KEYWORDS:

• Arsenic toxicity
• toxicology
• human health
• fish
• mice

Disclosure statement

Both authors have read the journal’s policy and declare that they have no competing interests that might be perceived to influence the content of this article. Authors also declare that they have no proprietary, financial, professional, or any other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product or services and company that could be construed or considered a potential conflict of interest that might have influenced views expressed in this manuscript. Further, the opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of their affiliated institutions.

Author contributions

All the authors contributed equally to this work and met authorship criteria based on the ICMJE guidelines. After literature search and analysis, BK and VKB have conceived the ideas, designed and wrote the initial draft. Both authors (BK, VKB) have reviewed and accepted the final version of the paper before submission. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Data availability statement

This article does not contain any new data collected from experiments conducted by any of the authors. This review’s research and associated data are based upon the information available in the peer-reviewed scientific publications and or public domain that can be publicly accessed. The citations and or web links details are provided in the bibliography list of this publication.

Ethical approval and compliance with ethical standards

This article does not hold any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Hence, no ethical approval for animal and human experimentation was needed for this work. No primary data have been reported in this study.

Pre - print availability

The pre-print of an earlier version of this manuscript is available on Research Square as entitled ‘Environmental toxicology of arsenic: Current understanding of toxicity, detection, and remedial strategy’. DOI :https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1351038/v1.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.