Do saxitoxin‐like substances have a role in scombrotoxicosis?

Abstract

Evidence is presented which establishes that mackerel fed in captivity can, by relay from contaminated shellfish via sand eels, accumulate paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) in the edible flesh at a level (250 μg saxitoxin equivalents per kg) similar to that in the contaminated shellfish. Data from ELISAs performed independently in two laboratories show that commercial mackerel fillets which have been associated with incidents of scombrotoxicosis contained 0.02–1.30 μg saxitoxin equivalents per kg, concentrations some two to four orders of magnitude below that normally detectable by the mouse bioassay. The doses, expressed as saxitoxin equivalents, administered inadvertently during volunteer testing of such fillets ranged up to 0.5 ng/kg bw, at least four orders of magnitude less than the fatal oral dose for an adult. The doses associated with the rapid induction of nausea/vomiting and/or diarrhoea, 0.11–1.0 ng/kg bw, could not be distinguished from the doses which failed to produce such symptoms in susceptible volunteers (up to 0.5 ng/kg bw). Factors that might explain this lack of correlation between dose (saxitoxin equivalents) and volunteer response are discussed along with previously published reports of PSP relay through the food web. It is suggested that the relay of algal toxins, particularly PSP, but possibly in combination with diarrhetic shellfish poisons, may be responsible for scombrotoxicosis.

Keywords:

• scombrotoxicosis
• scombroidism
• mackerel
• relay toxicity
• algal toxins
• paralytic shellfish poisons
• saxitoxins
• diarrhetic shellfish poisons

Notes

Present address: Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona AZ 85724, USA.