Efficacy and safety of radiofrequency, microwave and laser ablation for treating papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA) and laser ablation (LA) for treating papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).

Materials and methods: PUBMED and EMBASE were searched for studies on the efficacy and safety of RFA, MWA and LA for treating PTMC. The standard mean difference of the tumor volume before and after therapy and the proportion of complete disappearance, local recurrence, distant metastasis and complications were assessed using both fixed or random-effects modeling. Heterogeneity among studies was determined using the Q statistic for the pooled estimates and the inconsistency index I².

Results: A total of 12 eligible studies, including a sample size of 1187 patients and 1284 PTMCs, were used. RFA, MWA and LA all showed a significant reduction in tumor volume of PTMCs (p < 0.05). Though MWA demonstrated superior efficacy over the other two therapies for volume reduction, the differences were not statistically significant. Additionally, the pooled proportion of complete disappearance after RFA was the highest (76.2%), and the pooled proportion of recurrence for RFA was the lowest (0.01%) among the three therapeutic methods, but no significant difference was detected. There was no event of distant metastasis during the follow-up in all of these studies. Few major complications were encountered; the pooled proportion of complications for RFA (1.73%), MWA (6.0%) and LA (0.92%) was low, revealing no significant differences (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: RFA, MWA and LA are acceptable treatments to manage PTMCs in terms of efficacy and safety for non-surgical candidates.

Keywords:

• Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
• radiofrequency ablation
• microwave ablation
• laser ablation
• ultrasound

Introduction

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common subtype of thyroid cancer, and lesions of this type with a diameter less than 10 mm are termed papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMCs) [1]. Due to the advent of high-resolution ultrasound (US) detection and more regular fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies, the reported incidence of PTMCs has increased worldwide [2]. PTMCs are often considered indolent tumors and have a good prognosis [3]. In a previous study, non-surgical observation of 300 PTMCs over 1–17 years revealed that 7% had increased in size, 90% were unchanged and 3% had decreased in size; none of the patients developed extrathyroidal invasion or distant metastasis [4]. Sugitani et al. [5] observed 415 patients with asymptomatic PTMC for a period of 2–22 years, and the results suggested that only 6% had increased in size, 91% showed no change, and 3% had decreased in size. Similarly, Ito et al. [6] reported that none of the 1235 patients with low-risk PTMC, who chose observation without immediate surgery, showed distant metastasis or died of PTMC during an observation period ranging from 1.5 to 19 years.

Although surgery is recommended for PTMC by current guidelines [7–9], there are some circumstances when the patients are ineligible for surgery due to systemic disease. Moreover, thyroidectomy may have complications such as laryngeal nerve paralysis, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, lifelong medication and scarring [10–13]. Thus, surgery may lead overtreatment for PTMC, which is generally considered a harmless disease. The 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guideline recommended that patients with low-risk PTMCs can take an active surveillance management approach [8]. However, active surveillance management is not acceptable for many anxious patients with PTMC. Therefore, thermal ablation, which considered a moderate approach between surgery and surveillance, may be attempted for patients with PTMCs. According to the 2017 Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology guideline, patients with PTC who refuse or cannot undergo surgery can be treated by thermal ablations [14]. Although indications of thermal ablations for PTMCs have not been clearly established, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) [15–23], microwave ablation (MWA), [24–28] and laser ablation (LA) [29–32] have recently been applied to non-surgical candidates with PTMCs. Accumulating evidence indicates that these alternative approaches can effectively eliminate PTMCs with a low complication rate over a certain follow-up period [33].

Regarding non-surgical therapeutic options for treating PTMC, several studies have reported the therapeutic efficacy and safety of percutaneous US-guided thermal ablations including RFA, MWA and LA. These studies evaluated the tumor volume reduction ratio, complete disappearance, recurrence and complications of the minimally invasive treatments for treating PTMC and demonstrated that thermal ablation could be an alternative to surgery based on the high rates of disease-free survival and low rates of complications. In addition, some studies revealed that MWA has several advantages over surgery in PTMC treatment, including lower rates of complications, less hospitalization time, lower cost and higher post-operative quality [24,25]. However, majority of these studies were retrospective and descriptive or used a small number of patients with short-term follow-up, lacking large-scale studies that evaluate the procedures. Therefore, to acquire the exact value of these minimally invasive approaches in the treatment of PTMC, it is necessary and timely to collect the published data and perform a meta-analysis. To the best of our knowledge, the present systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RFA, MWA and LA as treatments of this disease.

Materials and methods

Literature search strategy

A comprehensive computer literature search of PubMed and Embase.com was conducted to find published articles on the topic of the review. The following search terms were used: in Pubmed, ((((((((radiofrequency[Title/Abstract]) OR radio-frequency[Title/Abstract]) OR radio frequency[Title/Abstract]) OR microwave[Title/Abstract]) OR micro-wave[Title/Abstract]) OR micro wave[Title/Abstract]) OR laser[Title/Abstract])) AND Thyroid Neoplasms [MeSH Terms]; in Embase, (radiofrequency:ti,ab,kw OR ‘radio frequency’:ti,ab,kw OR microwave:ti,ab,kw OR ‘micro wave’:ti,ab,kw OR laser:ti,ab,kw) AND (‘thyroid cancer’/exp). The search was updated until 30 July 2019, without language restrictions. To identify additional suitable articles and expand our search, the references of the retrieved articles were also screened.

Inclusion criteria

Studies (or subsets of studies) that investigated RFA, MWA, or LA for the treatment of PTMCs were eligible for inclusion. Studies (or subsets of studies) that satisfied all of the following criteria were included: (a) Population: patients underwent RFA, MWA, or LA for treating primary PTMCs without clinically apparent lymph node or distant metastasis at diagnosis. Papillary carcinoma was confirmed by US-guided FNA prior to the treatment. Studies that contained more than five consecutive patients were included. (b) Study design: retrospective or prospective studies were both included. (c) Outcomes: results were reported in sufficient detail to assess PTMC volume reduction, complete disappearance, complications, recurrence and distant metastasis.

Exclusion criteria

The exclusion criteria included the following: (a) Case reports and series with a sample size less than five relevant patients, or studies with potential selection bias (e.g., nonconsecutive series). (b) Review articles, editorials, letters and comments. (c) Studies on topics other than therapeutic efficacy and safety. (d) Studies with insufficient data on PTMC volume reduction, complete disappearance, complications, recurrence and distant metastasis. Two reviewers independently selected potentially relevant studies by screening the retrieved literature.

Data extraction

We extracted the following data from the included studies into a standardized data form: (a) study characteristics: first author, year of publication, affiliation, study period, study design, method of thermal ablation and sample size; (b) demographic and clinical characteristics: age, sex and follow-up interval; (c) therapeutic efficacy characteristics: initial and post-operative tumor volume (on the final follow-up), frequencies of complete disappearance (during follow-up after treatment), local recurrence and distant metastasis; (d) safety characteristics: frequencies of major and minor complications.

Complete disappearance was defined as any of the following descriptions in the included studies: ‘completely disappeared’, ‘completely absorbed’, ‘completely resolved’, or ‘only left needle tracks’. On the other hand, descriptions such as ‘calcified residues’, ‘volume reduction and disappearance of color Doppler signal’, ‘volume unchanged and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) confirmed no enhancement’, ‘FNA showed necrosis’, or ‘cicatricial hyperplasia’ were not considered as complete disappearance. Local recurrence was defined as newly-presented thyroid tumors, cervical lymph nodes, or non-necrotic ablation areas with pathologic diagnosis of malignancy during the post-operative follow-up period. Complications introduced by US-guided thermal ablation were defined by the Society of Interventional Radiology, including major and minor complications [34,35]. In the present review, both major complications (such as persistent or transient voice hoarseness, post-operative hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism or hyperthyroidism, brachial plexus injury and dysphagia) and minor complications (such as bleeding, vomiting, skin burn, fever, local infection and severe pain that need medication) were included. One reviewer extracted the data from the included studies, and the other reviewer verified the accuracy of these data.

Quality assessment

The methodological quality of the included studies was independently evaluated by the two reviewers using the tailored questionnaires and criteria provided by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) [36].

Data synthesis and statistical analysis

For each included study, the standard mean difference (SMD) of the tumor volume before and after therapy, and the proportion of complete disappearance, local recurrence, distant metastasis and complications were used as the main indices for this meta-analysis. First, meta-analysis for all of the included studies was performed. The pooled proportion was estimated using the method of Freeman–Tukey Double arcsine transformation. Both the fixed-effect model and the random-effects model were taken into account. We estimated heterogeneity using the inconsistency index I² (considering a value of 25% to suggest low heterogeneity; 50%, moderate; and 75%, high [37]) with the Q statistic and its p value. If the test of heterogeneity indicated p ≥ 0.05, the fixed-effect model would be used; otherwise, data were analyzed using the DerSimonian–Laird random-effects model [38,39]. Second, sensitivity analysis was conducted to estimate the effect of the remaining studies without the effect of the larger one. Visual inspection of the funnel plot was utilized to test publication bias, and the statistical significance was further evaluated by Egger’s linear regression asymmetry test [40]. Furthermore, we compared estimates of independent meta-analyses between different therapies by mixed-effects meta-regression model [41]. All statistical analyses were calculated by (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing) R version 3.6.1 with the ‘metafor’ package.

Results

Literature search

The study selection procedure is displayed in Figure 1. The literature search of the PubMed and Embase.com generated 790 initial records, of which 125 records were removed based on duplication, leaving 665 records to be screened for further review. Of those records, 645 were excluded after reviewing the titles and abstracts, including 637 records that were not in the field of interest, 6 case reports [18,21,30,42–44] and 2 review articles [33,45]. In the remaining 20 records, 5 were further excluded after reviewing the full text, including 5 studies with a partially overlapping patient cohort [19,24,32,46,47] and 3 studies lacking relevance. In the case of patient overlap, we included the studies with a more significant number of patients. Finally, 12 eligible studies, including a total sample size of 1187 patients and 1284 thyroid tumors, were used in the present meta-analysis. Though the retrieval date for the articles was not limited, studies contained in the final analysis were all published after the year 2014.

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the study selection process.

Characteristics of the included studies

The detailed characteristics of the 12 included studies are shown in Table 1, of which 9 studies were retrospective, and 3 were prospective. In terms of the demographic characteristics of the patients in the included studies, the mean ages of these cases ranged between 42.2 and 72 years, and about 74.3% of the patients were female. The mean follow-up time after the treatment was greater than 7.8 months. In terms of study design and therapeutic approach, 11 studies were single-arm studies (6, 3 and 2 studies treated with RFA, MWA and LA, respectively) and 1 study was comparative (MWA vs. surgery). In terms of patient characteristics, 10 studies included consecutive patients with primary PTMC, and 2 studies included primary small PTC, whose mean maximum diameter of tumors were 4 ± 2.1 mm [17] and 9 ± 2.8 mm [22], respectively. The quality of the included studies was moderate overall, and all of the studies satisfied at least 4 of the 7 items assessed by QUADAS-2 (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Quality Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 criteria for the included studies.

Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies.

First author	Affiliation (study period)	Comparison group	Design	No. patients	No. tumors	Age (mean ± SD)	Male/female	Follow-up (months), mean ± SD (range)
Zhang et al. [20]*	General Hospital of Chinese PLA, China (2013–2014)	RFA only	Prospective	92	98	44.7 ± 10.7	23/69	7.8 ± 2.9 (3 ∼ 18)
Kim et al. [22]	Seoul National University Hospital, Korea (2005–2009)	RFA only	Retrospective	6	6	72 ± 6.6	2/4	48.5 ± 12.3 (36 ∼ 65)
Jeong et al. [23]	University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea (2011–2016)	RFA only	Retrospective	5	6	56 ± 17.2	2/3	19.3 ± 3.5 (15 ∼ 24)
Tian et al. [15]	Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, China (2013–2016)	RFA only	Retrospective	18	22	43.6 ± 10.2	7/11	14.2 ± 8.7
Luo and Zhang [16]*	General Hospital of Chinese PLA, China	RFA only	Prospective	421	440	NA	NA	(12∼)
Lim et al. [17]	Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Korea (2008–2017)	RFA only	Retrospective	155	195	NA	NA	39 ± 25
Li et al. [25]	Beijing Friendship Hospital, China (2013–2018)	MWA vs Surgery	Retrospective	168	168	47.4 ± 10.8	36/132	25.1 ± 17.3 (3 ∼ 60)
Teng et al. [26]	China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, China (2013–2014)	MWA only	Retrospective	15	21	48 ± 8.8	6/9	38.6 ± 4.1 (36 ∼ 48)
Teng et al. [27]	China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, China (2015–2017)	MWA only	Retrospective	185	206	42.2 ± 11.7	40/145	20.7 ± 8.8 (12 ∼ 36)
Yue et al. [28]	Yantai Hospital, China (2010–2013)	MWA only	Prospective	21	21	52.1 ± 13.6	6/15	9.1 ± 6.4 (0 ∼ 22)
Zhang et al. [31]	Rui Jin Hospital, China (2013–2016)	LA only	Retrospective	64	64	42.5 ± 12.3	23/41	25.7 ± 8.2 (12 ∼ 42)
Ji et al. [29]	Suzhou Hospital, China (2016–2017)	LA only	Retrospective	37	37	43.9 ± 17.6	12/25	16.5 ± 6.9 (12 ∼ 24)

*Studies with potentially overlapping cases. NA: not applicable.

Changes in tumor volume after RFA, MWA and LA

The overall pooled estimates for the SMD in tumor volume from baseline to the last follow-up after therapy are summarized in Table 2 and Figure 3 with corresponding forest plots. Using both the fixed and random effect models, RFA, MWA and LA all induced a statistically significant reduction in nodule volume after ablation (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0189 and p = 0.0002 in the RFA, MWA and LA groups, respectively). Moreover, MWA achieved a higher pooled SMD (−3.82; 95% CI: −7.02; −0.63) than RFA (−1.35; 95% CI: −1.62; −1.09) and LA (−1.80; 95% CI: −2.75; −0.85). However, the differences in the pooled SMD in tumor volume among the three therapies were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Figure 3. Results of SMD of tumor volume in the RFA, MWA and LA groups. *Data were analyzed using the random-effects model.

Table 2. Summary of the meta-analytic pooled data for efficacy and safety of RFA, MWA and LA.

	No. of studies [references]	Summary estimate		Test of heterogeneity		p Value for reporting bias
		Pooled data [95% CI]	p Value	I^2 %	p Value
SMD of tumor volume (RFA)	4 [15,20,22,23]	−1.35 [−1.62; −1.09]	<0.01	0.0%	0.72	0.97
SMD of tumor volume (MWA)	4 [25–28]	−3.82 [−7.02; −0.63]	0.02	99.2%	<0.01	0.41
SMD of tumor volume (LA)	2 [29,31]	−1.80 [−2.75; −0.85]	<0.01	86.1%	0.01	–
Proportion of complete disappearance (RFA)	6 [15–17,20,22,23]	76.2% [50.0%; 95.4%]	–	97.1%	<0.01	0.36
Proportion of complete disappearance (MWA)	4 [25–28]	62.9% [19.7%; 96.6%]	–	98.5%	<0.01	0.93
Proportion of complete disappearance (LA)	2 [29,31]	57.3% [13.0%; 95.4%]	–	95.6%	<0.01	–
Proportion of complications (RFA)	5 [15,17,20,22,23]	1.7% [0.1%; 4.5%]	–	0.0%	0.90	0.38
Proportion of complications (MWA)	4 [25–28]	6.0% [3.6%; 8.8%]	–	53.9%	0.09	0.44
Proportion of complications (LA)	2 [29,31]	0.92% [0.0%; 4.4%]	–	72.5%	0.06	–
Proportion of recurrence (RFA)	6 [15–17,20,22,23]	0.01% [0.0%; 0.57%]	–	0.0%	0.60	0.93
Proportion of recurrence (MWA)	4 [25–28]	0.85% [0.02%; 2.42%]	–	45.8%	0.14	0.89
Proportion of recurrence (LA)	2 [29,31]	1.87% [0.0%; 5.96%]	–	0.0%	0.65	–
Proportion of distant metastasis (RFA)	6 [15–17,20,22,23]	0.0% [0.0%; 0.0%]	–	0.0%	0.83	–
Proportion of distant metastasis (MWA)	4 [25–28]	0.0% [0.0%; 0.02%]	–	0.0%	0.84	–
Proportion of distant metastasis (LA)	2 [29,31]	0.0% [0.0%; 1.83%]	–	0.0%	0.85	–

Frequencies of complete disappearance after RFA, MWA and LA

The pooled proportions for complete disappearance of RFA, MWA and LA are summarized in Table 2 and Figure 4 with corresponding forest plots. The complete disappearance demonstrated a pooled proportion of 76.2% (95% CI: 50.0%; 95.4%; I²=97.1%), 62.9% (95% CI: 19.7%; 96.6%; I²=98.5%) and 57.3% (13.0–95.4%; I²=95.6%) after RFA, MWA and LA therapy, respectively. These results show that the proportion of complete disappearance after RFA was higher than the other two therapies. However, the differences were not statistically significant, revealing p = 0.594 and p = 0.474 compared with MWA and LA respectively. Substantial heterogeneity was observed in the proportions of complete disappearance for RFA, due to the proportion reported from one study [20] (33.7%; 95% CI, 24.4%; 43.9%) as being much lower than the other studies (50%-94%). It probably resulted from the follow-up time of this study (3 ∼ 18 months) was much shorter than the others (12 ∼ 65 months). When sensitivity analysis was performed without this study, the heterogeneity was reduced with a recalculated pooled proportion of 91.6% (95% CI, 83.6%; 97.4%; I²=70.2%).

Figure 4. Results of proportion of complete disappearance, recurrence and complications in the RFA, MWA and LA groups. *Data were analyzed using the random-effects model.

Frequencies of local recurrence and distant metastasis after RFA, MWA and LA

Local recurrence after RFA, MWA and LA demonstrated a pooled proportion of 0.01% (95% CI: 0.0%; 0.57%; I²=0.0%), 0.85% (95% CI: 0.02%; 2.42%; I²=45.8%) and 1.87% (95% CI: 0.0%; 5.96%; I²=0.0%) respectively. These results show that the proportion of recurrence after RFA was lower than that after MWA and LA, but the differences were not statistically significant, showing p = 0.797 and p = 0.563 compared with MWA and LA, respectively. The recurrent patients underwent secondary ablations or open surgeries, revealing complete disappearances in the follow-up periods. Moreover, no adhesion or inflammatory changes induced by initial ablation were observed during the surgery. On the other hand, no event of distant metastasis occurred during the post-operative follow-up period in any of the studies, resulting in a pooled proportion of 0.0% for the three therapeutic methods. The detailed data of recurrence and distant metastasis are summarized in Tables 2 and 3, and Figure 4 with corresponding forest plots.

Table 3. Frequencies of each recurrence found in RFA, MWA and LA.

	RFA (n = 697)	MWA (n = 389)	LA (n = 101)
Recurred PTCs in the other parts of thyroid	8 (1.1%)	1 (0.3%)	0
Recurred PTCs in the ablated areas of thyroid	0	2 (0.5%)	0
Cervical lymph node metastasis	4 (0.6%)	5 (1.3%)	2 (2.0%)

Frequencies of complications from RFA, MWA and LA

Two kinds of major complications (voice hoarseness and hypothyroidism) and three kinds of minor complications (pain, bleeding and skin burn) were reported from RFA, voice hoarseness and bleeding were reported from MWA, and hypothyroidism and pain were reported from LA. The complications demonstrated overall pooled proportions of 1.7% (95% CI: 0.1%; 4.5%; I²=0.0%), 6.0% (95% CI: 3.6%; 8.8%; I²=53.9%) and 0.92% (95% CI: 0.0%; 4.4%; I²=72.5%) in RFA, MWA and LA, respectively. These results demonstrated that the complication rate of LA was lowest, but no statistical significance was observed (p > 0.05). The detailed data of complication rates are summarized in Tables 2 and 4, and Figure 4 with corresponding forest plots. Serious complications, including injury to the esophagus, trachea, spinal accessory, sympathetic ganglion and phrenic nerves, have not been reported.

Table 4. Frequency of each complication found in RFA, MWA and LA.

	RFA (n = 276)	MWA (n = 389)	LA (n = 101)
Voice hoarseness (transient + persistent)	5 (1.8%)	17 (4.4%)	0
Hypothyroidism	3 (0.9%)	0	1 (1%)
Pain that need medication	1 (0.4%)	0	1 (1%)
Bleeding	2 (0.6%)	11 (2.8%)	0
Skin burn	1 (0.3%)	0	0

Discussion

This meta-analysis revealed that US-guided thermal ablation was a valid therapeutic method for PTMCs. RFA, MWA and LA resulted in a significant reduction in the tumor volume of PTMCs (p < 0.05). Though MWA demonstrated superior efficacy over the other two therapies for volume reduction, the differences were not statistically significant. In addition, the pooled proportion of complete disappearance after RFA was the highest (76.2%), and the pooled proportion of recurrence for RFA was the lowest (0.01%) among the three therapeutic methods, but no significant difference was detected. There was no event of distant metastasis during the last follow-up visit in any of these studies. In terms of safety, few major complications were encountered; the pooled proportion of complications for RFA (1.7%), MWA (6.0%) and LA (0.92%) was low, demonstrating the safety of these procedures. Thus, thermal ablations, including RFA, MWA and LA, are effective and safe treatments for patients with PTMC.

Until now, many original studies have described the efficacy and safety of thermal ablation for treating PTMC [24–28]. Li et al. [24,25] retrospectively compared MWA with surgery for PTMC and suggested that MWA could be a minimally invasive alternative to surgery. However, there are currently no definitive guidelines that describe how RFA, MWA, or LA should be used to treat PTMC, and few studies have compared these three therapies. Besides, a direct comparison among them for treating PTMC is difficult because well-designed prospective randomized trials are not available. Therefore, our systematic review and meta-analysis that gathered the currently available evidence was critical and will promote clinical practice.

In our current study, the efficacy of the three methods of thermal ablation was found to be similar. In terms of SMD in tumor volume and the proportion of complete disappearance, significant heterogeneities were detected. This is most likely explained by the following two reasons. First, the follow-up time in some of the studies was not long enough to observe the outcomes, which may have affected the accuracy of these results. For instance, the follow-up time in Zhang’s study [20] was shorter than that reported in other studies, when sensitivity analysis was performed without this study, the heterogeneity for the proportion of complete disappearance after RFA was remarkably reduced (I²: from 97.1% to 70.2%). Second, though some studies reported the proportion of complete disappearance to be low, this was probably because the calcified residues or scar-like lesions remained. These residues were obviously unchanged 1 year later, but CEUS showed no enhancement, and FNA confirmed necrosis.

According to the present meta-analysis, there were no life-threatening complications resulting from these thermal ablations. The pooled proportion of complications of RFA (1.7%), MWA (6.0%) and LA (0.92%) were low, and there was no significant difference among them (p > 0.05). Considering the currently available evidence, these three therapies can be regarded as safe procedures to treat PTMCs. Regarding voice hoarseness, 12 transient and 5 persistent voice changes were reported among 389 patients after MWA, while 5 transient voice hoarseness changes were reported among 276 patients for RFA. This difference is most likely explained by the fact that the heat production rates of the two methods are different. The temperature in RFA increases slowly, and heat is easily taken away. Thus, the coagulation zone size of RFA is limited [48]. Compared with RFA, MWA depends less on tissue impedance and makes the microwave antenna locally obtain high temperatures in seconds, resulting in coagulation necrosis which can inactivate the tumor quickly [49,50]. However, for small-sized tumors such as PTMCs, MWA is not easy to manipulate for operators and may produce a larger zone of active heating than necessary, making it more likely to cause injury to the adjacent nerves.

Although PTMC has a high incidence and excellent clinical outcome, the ideal treatment for PTMC is still controversial. The present systematic review demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of thermal ablations for the treatment of PTMC. Specifically, the included studies in our meta-analysis referred to low-risk PTMCs without lymph node or distant metastasis. For PTMCs which already harbor metastases, surgery is commonly recommended [51]. However, there still exists a small proportion of patients with PTMCs whose micrometastases were difficult to detect by US. These PTMCs may behave aggressively [2]; thus, the accurate risk stratification in PTMC patients has critical clinical implications for the selection of therapeutic strategies. To explicitly distinguish aggressive from indolent PTMCs at an early phase, routine high-resolution US detection and more regular FNA biopsies are currently used; on the other hand, exploitation of radiomics and uncovering prognostic biomarkers would be helpful. Moreover, accumulating evidences indicated the efficacy of secondary ablation [16,17,27] or open surgery [29,31] in the treatment of recurrent PTMCs, and no adhesion or inflammatory changes induced by initial ablation were observed during the surgery [31]. Therefore, even if the thermal ablations were performed on PTMC patients who already have micrometastases and lymph node metastases were later found in the post-operative follow-up period, the majority of these patients may have the opportunity to undergo surgery or secondary ablation.

The present meta-analysis also has some limitations. First, the sample size of the studies was limited, of which most were retrospective, which may have affected the accuracy of the results. Specifically, the MWA and LA articles meeting the inclusion criteria were more concentrated in one geographic area and some overlapping of authorship. These overlapping studies were removed to ensure the objectivity of this analysis. Thus, the number of MWA and LA studies that met our inclusion criteria was smaller than initially anticipated, which could introduce substantial biases and limit the applicability of our findings. Second, our findings were regarded as average effects because detailed individual data were not available. However, we used validated systematic review methods and reported our data using standard guidelines. Despite the above limitations, we applied a robust methodology using the currently available evidence, and demonstrated that RFA, MWA and LA are effective therapies to manage PTMCs in terms of efficacy and safety.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province [201602221 to Y. Che].