![Sample our Urban Studies journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/110826/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Urban-Studies.jpg"})
Abstract
In the first half of the twentieth century, the field of urbanism was mainly structured around the constitution of the professional and academic discipline of planning. But in the second half of the twentieth century, it became organized in the English-speaking world around several complementary and competing poles as the emerging field of urban design. This field was a part of a profound renewal of architectural discourses and practices concerning the city that appeared around the world as a reaction to the growing autonomy of the planning sphere. However, it took a particular turn in the English-speaking world. Recently, readers establishing a common literature in the field have been published in three countries: USA, UK and Australia. A fragmented historiography of urban design has also emerged showing a field combining three different registers of discourse: the development of a criticism in the professional press, the building of a specific academic field, and the establishment of public policies. This article will attempt to analyse the birth and development of urban design as a network by crossing the three registers of discourse from three different countries.
Notes on contributor
Clément Orillard is an architect, urban designer and historian. He is an Associate Professor at the Institut d' Urbanisme de Paris, in charge of the curriculum in architectural and planning programming. He has taught history of urban planning and urban design as well as urban design studio in different schools of architecture or planning. His research focuses on the history of the urban design field and the planning culture of architects at large. His Ph.D. dissertation dealt with the early research done by Kevin Lynch and his colleagues at MIT (1951–1964) and he has made a preliminary inventory of the personal archives of Gordon Cullen. He has published on these subjects in Urban History and The Journal of Architecture. He works also on the parallel evolution of, and links between, public corporations and private companies in French planning history. He co-directed with Antoine Picon Marne-la-Vallée, de la ville nouvelle à la ville durable published in 2012 and he has contributed to the book Heterotopia and the City: Public Space in a Postcivil Society.
Notes
1 King, “Writing Transnational Planning Histories.”
2 Other scholars have already made the distinction between ‘planning’ and ‘urbanismo’. See Piccinato, “Las teorias del urbanismo,” and Hebbert, “Town Planning versus Urbanismo.”
3 In each English-speaking country, it corresponds to both specific departments in universities and independent professional organizations providing certification.
4 Stand alone urban design departments are not found in universities; they are rather interdepartmental programmes. No specific organisms in charge of professional certification in this field exist, only combined certifications in planning and architecture, even if planning organizations might have an urban design division or chapter. The American Planning Association has an Urban Design and Preservation Division. The Planning Institute of Australia has an Urban Design Chapter.
5 They are Cuthbert, Designing Cities, published in 2003, and Larice and Macdonald, Urban Design Reader and Carmona and Tiesdell, Urban Design Reader, published in 2006. Cuthbert is Emeritus Professor of Urban Development at the University of New South Wales. Larice is Associate Professor in City and Metropolitan Planning at the College of Architecture and Planning, University of Utah and Macdonald is Associate Professor of Urban Design at the College of Environmental Design, University of California at Berkeley. Carmona is Professor of Planning and Urban Design at the Bartlett School – Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London and Tiesdell, who died in 2011, was Senior Lecturer in Public Policy at the University of Glasgow.
6 The notion of “genres of discourse” is derived from discourse analysis and narrative criticism. The notion of “domain of action” is taken from organization theory.
7 Mumford, Defining Urban Design and “The Origins and Evolution of ‘Urban Design,’ 1956–2006.”
8 Pearlman, Joseph Hudnut, Walter Gropius, and the Bauhaus Legacy at Harvard, and Alofsin, The Struggle for Modernism.
9 “Master of Urban Design – Program Documentation Package.”
10 Saarinen, The City.
11 Gold, The Practice of Modernism, 70–1.
12 “RIBA Urban Design Diploma.”
13 Email interview with Gordon Holden, 2013/07/05 and Holden, “Urban Design Education in Australia and New Zealand.”
14 Punter, Design Guidelines in American Cities.
15 Ballon, “The Physical City” and Barnett, Urban Design as Public Policy, 7–9.
16 Thomas and Woolman, “The Presidency and Policy Formulation” and Smith, “Presidential Task Force Operation during the Johnson Administration.”
17 Michael Heseltine, Thatcher's prominent Minister of Environment, founded the Meyerside Task Force in 1981 for the renewal of Liverpool's urban area. The government of John Major constituted the Thames Gateway Task Force in 1993 to launch the homonymous project.
18 Punter, “An Introduction to British Urban Renaissance” and “Reflecting on Urban Design Achievements in a Decade of Urban Renaissance.”
19 Saniga, Making Landscape Architecture in Australia, 286.
20 Freestone, Urban Nation, 39.
21 Linden, “The Beginnings of the Group.”
22 Parfect and Power, Planning for Urban Quality: Urban Design in Towns and Cities, 98–124 and Karski, “Francis Tibbalds – His Life and Legacy.”
23 Saniga, Making Landscape Architecture in Australia, 285, and Chandler and Echberg, “The UDF History.”
24 Saniga, Making Landscape Architecture in Australia, 285–6 and email interview with Bill Chandler, 2013/05/20.
25 Spreiregen, Urban Design.
26 Erten, Shaping “The Second Half Century,” and special issue “Townscape Revisited.”
27 Civic Trust: The First Three Years.
28 Laurence, “Jane Jacobs (1916–2006).”
29 Freestone, Urban Nation: Australia's Planning Heritage, 268.
30 Jones, “The Civic Trust of South Australia.”
31 In Australia, in particular, the landscape architecture profession was also deeply involved.
32 Orillard, “Tracing Urban Design's ‘Townscape’ Origins.”
33 Serle, Robin Boyd, 59, 127.
34 Ibid., 241.
35 Gazzard, Sydneysider, 33.
36 Mumford and Sarkis, Josep Lluis Sert and Mumford, Defining Urban Design.
37 Orillard, “Tracing Urban Design's ‘Townscape’ Origins.”
38 Orillard, Kevin Lynch et l'urban design, 291–383.
39 Goldhagen, Louis Kahn's Situated Modernism, 248 n. 74.
40 Sullivan, “David A. Crane.”
41 Scott Brown, “Between Three Stools.”
42 Orillard, Kevin Lynch et l'urban design, 480–500.
43 Bentley et al., Responsive Environments.
44 Keller, “Fenland Tech: Architectural Science in Postwar Cambridge.”
45 Powers, Serge Chermayeff.
46 Shane, “Colin Rowe, 1920–1999.”
47 Frank, IAUS.
48 Gandelsonas, The Urban Text and Gandelsonas, X-Urbanism.
49 See Towndrow, Architecture in the Balance, and Brown, Sherrad and Shaw, “Aesthetics and Town and Country Planning,” 173–4.
50 “Elias Duek-Cohen Interview.”
51 See the bibliographical information on Fritz Stuber in the website of gta Archiv, Institut für Geschichte und Theorie der Architectur, ETH Zürich. http://www.archiv.gta.arch.ethz.ch/nachlaesse-vorlaesse/stuber-fritz/informationen/.
52 Jacobs and Appleyard, “Towards an Urban Design Manifesto.” A first version was published in 1982 at the University of California's Institute of Urban and Regional Development as Working Paper no. 384.
53 “Peter Eisenman and Jaquelin Robertson.”
54 See the bibliographical information in Jonathan Barnett's personal webpage in the website of The University of Pennsylvania School of Design. http://www.design.upenn.edu/people/barnett_jonathan/.
55 Frank, “Harlem and the 1967 ‘New City’ Exhibition.”
56 Loew, “Key Achievements of the Urban Design Group.”
57 Orillard, “Gordon Cullen Beyond The Architectural Review.”
58 Williams, The Anxious City, 129–53.
59 Saniga, Making Landscape Architecture in Australia, 285–6.
60 Ibid., 269.
61 Email interview with Bill Chandler, 2013/05/20.
62 McKay, Living and Partly Living.
63 Gazzard, Sydneysider, 59.
64 Ibid., 63.
65 Ward, “Re-examining the International Diffusion of Planning.”
66 In the 1960s, the architect Roelof Uytenbogaart developed urban design education at the University of Cape Town after having studied under David Crane at the University of Pennsylvania. In the same period, the architect Ranjit Sabiki initiated urban design courses at the School of Architecture and Planning, New Delhi, while being a visiting critic at Harvard's GSD. Kruger, “South Africa,” 186 and Benninger, “India,” 224.