http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8894-7201
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ABSTRACT
The cathedral city of Armagh is one of the most historically and architecturally significant on the island of Ireland. This article explores the preparation of an inventory of Armagh’s architectural heritage by the London architect-planner Max Lock in 1964, commissioned by the Northern Ireland Committee of the National Trust. The inventory represents one aspect of the initial response of civil society to impending change in the built environment in the mid-1960s and formed part of efforts to ensure parity with Great Britain in land-use planning legislation. The inventory facilitates a wider discussion on state-civil society relations in Northern Ireland, the values and ideas guiding change within historic settlements, and the place promotional advantage that the local council sought to derive from Armagh’s history and heritage. Utilizing Ward’s typology of diffusion, it is argued that Northern Ireland represents an unusual ‘within-UK’ example of the transference of planning ideas and practices, with its historical experience of devolution offering valuable contemporary insights into the increasingly diffuse and fragmented governance space within the UK.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the editor and the two anonymous referees for their positive comments on an earlier draft of this article.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes on contributor
Andrew G. McClelland is a Postdoctoral Researcher (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow) at Maynooth University, Ireland. He completed his Ph.D. at Ulster University in 2014, where his research was predominantly focused on the contested destruction of architectural heritage in Belfast in the period 1960–1989.
ORCID
Andrew G. McClelland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8894-7201
Notes
1 Mulholland, Terence O’Neill, 29.
2 Mulholland, Northern Ireland, 23.
3 McKinstry, “Introduction.”
4 National Trust, Annual Report [1964].
5 Pendlebury and Strange, “Centenary Paper,” 370.
6 Ward, “Re-examining the International Diffusion,” 479–98.
7 House of Commons Library, Comparison of the Planning Systems, 3.
8 Larkham and Lilley, Planning the ‘City of Tomorrow’ and Larkham and Lilley, “Plans, Planners and City Images,” 183–205.
9 Uduku, “Networking and Strategic Deal-Making.”
10 Bununu, Ludin, and Hosni, “City Profile: Kaduna,” 53–65.
11 Shapely, People and Planning, vi.
12 Motouchi and Tiratsoo, “Max Lock, Middlesbrough,” 19.
13 Ibid., 20.
14 Darling, Re-forming Britain, 250.
15 Motouchi and Tiratsoo, “Max Lock, Middlesbrough.”
16 Ibid.
17 McClelland, “Contesting Destruction, Constructing Heritage,” 297.
18 Ward, “Soviet Communism,” 508.
19 Cited in O’Neill, The Autobiography, 47.
20 Tewdwr-Jones, Urban Reflections, 245.
21 Lynn and McDowell, “The Oldest City in Ireland,” 57–61.
22 McCullough and Crawford, Armagh.
23 See Mulligan, South Ulster, 98–9.
24 Weatherup, The Buildings of Armagh.
25 Ibid., 127.
26 McCullough and Crawford, Armagh, 9.
27 Pendlebury and Strange, “Centenary Paper.”
28 Planning Advisory Board, The Ulster Countryside, 29.
29 Matthew, Belfast Regional Survey, 226, 237.
30 Bell, Planning for Armagh.
31 Gallagher and Rogers, Castle, Coast and Cottage.
32 Nixon, “Trouble at the National Trust,” 531.
33 Ibid., 529–50.
34 See, for example, Hewitt, “Associational Culture,” 590–606; and Hewitt and Pendlebury, “Local Associations and Participation,” 25–44.
35 Buchanan, “Foreword,” ix.
36 Pendlebury and Strange, “Centenary Paper,”; Smith, “Central Government and Town Centre,” 217–44.
37 See Northern Ireland Housing Trust, Annual Report; and “The Changing face of Armagh,” The Armagh Guardian, 10 May 1962.
38 National Trust, Annual Report [1959], 2. Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (henceforth PRONI), D3839/1/1/3, National Trust Finance and General Purposes Committee Minutes (Northern Ireland region), 13 January 1959.
39 Armagh County Museum (henceforth ACM), Letter File 30, Lewis-Crosby to Paterson, 2 January 1963.
40 See Hendry, “Conservation in Northern Ireland” and McClelland, “Contesting Destruction, Constructing Heritage.”
41 Ibid.
42 PRONI, D3839/1/1/3, National Trust Northern Ireland Committee Minutes, 15 November 1960.
43 PRONI, D3727/H/4/1, National Trust Northern Ireland Committee Minutes, 11 November 1961.
44 PRONI, FIN/17/1F/20/2, Ancient Monuments Advisory Council Minutes, Belfast Survey Memorandum, 16 October 1963.
45 PRONI, D3727/H/4/1, National Trust Northern Ireland Committee Minutes, 9 July 1963.
46 PRONI, D3839/A/1/6, National Trust Executive Committee Minutes (Northern Ireland region), 8 October 1963; ACM, Letter File 38, Lewis-Crosby to Paterson, 22 October 1963.
47 Larkham, “The Place of Urban Conservation,” 303.
48 “£300 Wanted to Save Armagh’s Old-world Charm,” The Armagh Guardian, 30 April 1964.
49 PRONI, D3839/A/1/7, National Trust Executive Committee Minutes (Northern Ireland region), 10 December 1963.
50 See Glendinning, Modern Architect, 327.
51 ACM, Letter File 37, Lewis-Crosby to Paterson, 20 September 1963.
52 PRONI, D3839/A/1/7, National Trust Executive Committee Minutes (Northern Ireland region), 10 December 1963.
53 PRONI, D3727/H/4/1, National Trust Northern Ireland Committee Minutes, 10 March 1964.
54 See “300 Wanted to Save Armagh’s Old-world Charm” and “£300 for Listing Valuable Buildings,” The Ulster Gazette, 9 April 1964.
55 PRONI, D3839/B/24, Lewis-Crosby to Earl of Antrim, 24 April 1964.
56 Ibid.; Lock, The City of Armagh.
57 PRONI, D3839/B/24, Lewis-Crosby to Earl of Antrim, 17 June 1964.
58 Lock, The City of Armagh, foreword.
59 Madgin, “Reconceptualising the Historic Urban.”
60 Harwood, “Keeping the Past in England,” 671–82.
61 See Delafons, Politics and Preservation, 95–101.
62 Pendlebury and Strange, “Centenary Paper,” 369.
63 Lock, The City of Armagh, foreword.
64 Glendinning, The Conservation Movement, 175.
65 Meller, “Gender, Citizenship,” 27.
66 Cited in “‘Face and Body Lift’,” The Ulster Gazette, 18 June 1964.
67 Glendinning, The Conservation Movement. See McClelland, “Contesting Destruction, Constructing Heritage,” 116.
68 PRONI, D3839/B/24, Lewis-Crosby to Earl of Antrim, 17 June 1964.
69 “Historic Houses,” Belfast Telegraph, 30 May 1964; “Trust Tries to Save Old Homes in Armagh Clearance,” Belfast Telegraph, 29 May 1964.
70 PRONI, D3727/H/4/1, National Trust Northern Ireland Committee Minutes, 7 July 1964.
71 Glendinning, Modern Architect, 331; McClelland, “Conservation at the Crossroads.”
72 Ibid., 334.
73 Mulholland, Northern Ireland, 73.
74 Patterson and Kaufman, Unionism and Orangeism, 67.
75 See PRONI LA/2/3/AG/72.
76 New City Design Group, First Report.
77 Ibid., 15.
78 Glendinning, Modern Architect, 333. See also “New City Bombshell,” The Armagh Guardian, 20 August 1964; and “No New City – Develop Other Towns,” The Ulster Gazette, 10 September 1964.
79 Mulholland, Northern Ireland, 51.
80 Glendinning, Modern Architect, 337–8.
81 Mulholland, Northern Ireland, 53.
82 Armagh County Council, Study and Proposals.
83 Lock cited in “Stop the Rot in Time!,” The Armagh Guardian, 18 June 1964. Casson cited in “Armagh Has Ideal Varsity Site,” The Armagh Guardian, 14 November 1963.
84 Mulholland, Northern Ireland, 41. Matthew’s support was indicated in “Matthew Wants the University in New City,” The Armagh Guardian, 19 December 1963.
85 Ward, “Re-examining the International Diffusion,” 488.
86 Ibid., 487.
87 Hendry, “Conservation in Northern Ireland,” 373.
88 For a useful discussion of parity, see Birrell and Murie, Policy and Government, 280–82.
89 Brett, “The Lessons of Devolution,” 261–80. See also ibid.
90 Murie, “Planning in Northern Ireland.”
91 See Newman, “A Short History.”
92 “What City of the Future Could Be Like,” The Armagh Gazette, 30 January 1964.
93 Tewdwr-Jones, “‘Oh, the Planners’,” 407.
94 Glendinning, Modern Architect, 327.
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid., 332.
97 Glendinning, “‘The Forgotten Revolution’,” 622.
98 PRONI, D3839/A/1/5, Coastal Preservation in Northern Ireland.
99 Nixon, “Trouble at the National Trust.”
100 See McClelland, “Conservation at the Crossroads.”
101 National Trust, Report by the Council’s Advisory Committee, 21.
102 Patton, “Conservation in Northern Ireland,” 6.
103 Hewitt and Pendlebury, “Local Associations and Participation.”
104 House of Commons Library, Comparison of the Planning Systems.
105 Ellis and Henderson, English Planning.