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ABSTRACT
From the perspective of its inherent promises, difficulties, elusiveness, and relative discontinuity, the pursuit of integration in planning could be compared to the Quest for the Holy Grail. The aim of this paper is to identify the main commitments and impediments to pursued integration in the former Yugoslavia’s planning from the late 1950s until the late 1980s, drawing on the theoretical discourse, legislative, and institutional framework and the case study of the spatial plan preparation in the Socialist Republic of Serbia. During the chosen period, different aspects of integrated approach to spatial and urban planning were pursued in a context of creating and failing to deliver a unique Yugoslav version of the welfare state – the self-management socialism. In this light, the intended integration is contrasted to poor outcomes, which led to the loss of legitimacy and the final dissolution of the state, its ideology, governance, and socio-economic planning. The conclusion reflects on the main merits and pitfalls of the former Yugoslavia’s experiment to illuminate some general risks associated with the integrated approach in planning.
Notes on contributors
Tijana Dabović is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Spatial Planning, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Geography, where she received the BSc, MSc, and PhD degrees. Her research is about planning, theory, and integrated approach.
Zorica Nedović-Budić is a Professor and the Head of the Department of Urban Planning and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA, and a Visiting Professor at the School of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin. She received her PhD degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research is about planning, cities, and technology.
Dejan Djordjević is a Professor and the Head of the Department of Spatial Planning, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Geography, where he received the BSc, MSc, and PhD degrees. His research is about planning, theory, and history.
Notes
1 Archibugi, Planning Theory; Pieterse, “From Divided?”
2 Healey, “Territory,” 68.
3 Eggenberger and Partidário, “Development of a Framework,” 205.
4 Albrechts, “Bridge the gap,” 1490; Healey, “Territory,” 68.
5 Vigar, “Towards Integrated.”
6 Tewdwr-Jones and Allmendinger, “Preface,” xv.
7 Perović, “The Kingdom.”
8 Miljković and Nikolić, Razvoj.
9 Nedović-Budić and Cavrić, “Waves,” 407–8; Pajović, Pregled, 35.
10 Dimitrov, Stalin’s Cold War, cited in Unkovski-Korica, “Workers’ Councils,” 110.
11 Djordjević and Dabović, “Ideology and Practice,” 168–9.
12 Friedmann, “Freedom and Planning,” 630.
13 Ocić, Ekonomika, 798.
14 Kubović, Regionalna ekonomika.
15 Merhar, “Samoupravno planiranje,” 38.
16 Tajnikar, “The Coexistence.”
17 Kovač, “Politička ekonomija,” 75.
18 Unkovski-Korica, “Workers’ Councils,” 109; Djordjević and Dabović, “Ideology and Practice,” 168–9; Hirt, “Landscapes,” 790.
19 Miljković and Nikolić, Razvoj.
20 Ocić, Ekonomika, 790.
21 Horvat, “Integriranost,” 402.
22 Ocić, Ekonomika, 797.
23 Yarashevich and Karneyeva. “Economic Reasons.”
24 Miljković and Nikolić, Razvoj.
25 According to Pleskovic, “Squatter housing” economy was divided between the publicly and privately owned sectors. The latter consisted of private agriculture (80% of land ownership) and enterprises that hired fewer than 5–10 workers.
26 Miljković and Nikolić, Razvoj.
27 Ocić, Ekonomika, 790.
28 Kardelj, O sistemu, 8.
29 Ibid., 15.
30 Marsenić, “The Guidance,” 76.
31 Ibid.; Kardelj, O sistemu.
32 Piha, Prostorno planiranje, 28.
33 Petrović-Ranđelović and Radukić, “The Impact.”
34 Piha, Prostorno planiranje.
35 Kardelj, O sistemu.
36 Stojanović, “Uvodna reč.”
37 Horvat, Jugoslavenska privreda; Sirotković, Sistem planiranja; Mihailović and Krestić, Memorandum.
38 Simmie, “Self-management,” 276.
39 Horvat, The Yugoslav Economic System, 18; Marsenić, “The Guidance,” 80.
40 Marsenić, “The Guidance,” 79.
41 Vujošević, “Uloga” cited in Vujošević and Nedović-Budić, “Planning,” 279.
42 Stojanović, “2 Planning,” 23.
43 Horvat, Jugoslavenska privreda.
44 Ibid.; Kovač, “Politička ekonomija,” 79; Ocić, Ekonomika.
45 Ocić, Ekonomika.
46 Ibid.
47 Kardelj, O sistemu; Horvat, Jugoslavenska privreda; Sirotković, Sistem planiranja; Mihailović and Krestić, Memorandum.
48 Marsenić, “The Guidance”; Mihailović and Krestić, Memorandum; Simmie, “Self-management”; Unkovski-Korica, “Workers’ Councils.”
49 Marsenić, “The Guidance.”
50 Stojanović, “Uvodna reč.”
51 Miljković and Nikolić, Razvoj.
52 Ocić, Ekonomika.
53 Ibid.
54 Miljković and Nikolić, Razvoj.
55 Ocić, Ekonomika.
56 Perišić, O prostornom; Pleskovic, “Squatter housing”; Krstić and Pajović, Zakonodavstvo.
57 Djordjević and Dabović, “Ideology and Practice”; Nedović-Budić et al., “The Mornings”; Perišić, O prostornom; Piha, Prostorno planiranje; Vujošević and Nedović-Budić, “Planning.”
58 Krstić and Pajović, Zakonodavstvo.
59 Piha, “Planiranje,” 17.
60 Nedović-Budić and Cavrić, “Waves,” 412; Perišić, O prostornom.
61 Krstić and Pajović, Zakonodavstvo.
62 Ibid., 28.
63 Piha, Prostorno planiranje, 28.
64 Nedović-Budić and Cavrić, “Waves,” 412; Djordjević and Dabović, “Ideology and Practice,” 169.
65 KUPUSS, Osnove politike; Nedović-Budić and Cavrić, “Waves,” 412.
66 KUPUSS, Zakonodavna materija.
67 Ibid.
68 Petrović and Žuljić, Kotar.
69 Perišić, O prostornom.
70 Mattioni, Jadranski projekti.
71 Djordjević and Dabović, “Ideology and Practice.”
72 Nedović-Budić and Cavrić, “Waves,” 412.
73 Ibid., 411–2.
74 Krstić and Pajović, Zakonodavstvo.
75 Ibid.; Perišić, O prostornom.
76 Simmie, “Self-management, 276.”
77 Vujošević and Petovar, “Implementacija.”
78 Krstić and Pajović, Zakonodavstvo.
79 Pleskovic, “Squatter housing.”
80 Simmie, “Self-management,” 283.
81 Krstić and Pajović, Zakonodavstvo.
82 Ibid.; Perišić, O prostornom; Simmie, “Self-management,” 276.
83 Simmie, “Self-management,” 276; Perišić, O prostornom.
84 Krstić and Pajović. Zakonodavstvo.
85 Djordjević and Dabović, “System,” 146; Nedović-Budić et al., “The Mornings,” 443.
86 Stojiljković, “Karakter”; Petovar, “Kvalitetno stanovanje.”
87 Kubović, Regionalna ekonomika; Perišić, O prostornom; Piha, “Planiranje.”
88 Simmie, “Self-management.”
89 Perišić, O prostornom, 105–123.
90 SUSKD, Element II.
91 SUSKD, Nacrt.
92 Ibid.
93 Krstić and Pajović. Zakonodavstvo.
94 Republički zavod za planiranje SR Srbije and IAUS, Nacrt.
95 Ibid.
96 Tajnikar, “The Coexistence,” 78; Kovač, “Politička ekonomija,” 79.
97 Ambrožič-Počkar, Politika.
98 Mihailović and Krestić, Memorandum, 109–110.
99 Unkovski-Korica, “Workers’ Councils,” 110.
100 Haughton et al., The New Spatial Planning; OECD, Towards a New Role; Vigar, “Towards Integrated.”
101 Vigar, “Towards Integrated.”
102 Healey, “Territory,” 77.