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ABSTRACT
The paper analyses the 1923 Belgrade Master Plan's preparation and implementation process, a significant moment in Belgrade's political and urban history when, after the First World War, the city lost its centuries-long border position, becoming the capital of a newly established extended country, the Kingdom SHS, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The goal of government and city authorities was to create a representative national capital and overcome the city's existential and functional problems. Crucial to the process was the Association of Serbian Architects and Engineers’ organization of an international competition in 1921–1922. Twenty-two projects were submitted, from Vienna, Paris, Budapest, Berlin, Zurich, Prague, etc. First prize was not awarded, but 18 were rewarded and purchased. These represented the basis for creating a final plan, supervised by G. P. Kovalevsky. The 1923 Master Plan introduced very innovative and modern approaches to solving the city's problems and improving residential areas, traffic, and greenery. The paper discusses the plan's realization, its extensive changes and partial implementation, which greatly influenced later city development. Despite obstacles, the plan initiated some important and progressive ideas whose impact was vital for the functional transformation of the city and its realization represents Belgrade's modern urban heritage.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes on contributors
Marta Vukotic Lazar holds a PhD in History of Art, and had been working since 2013 as an Assistant Professor, teaching History of Architecture and Urbanism. Presently, she is the Chairperson of the History of Art Department, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Priština, with temporary Head Office in Kosovska Mitrovica. The main field of her research is the History of European and Serbian 19th and 20th Century Architecture and Urban Planning. She is the author of many papers and the awarded book The Belgrade period of Architect Nikola Dobrović (2002). She is one of the editors of the book Architecture and Ideology (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014). In addition, she is a member of the Association of the Applied Arts and Designers of Serbia (ULUPUDS), ICOMOS Serbia and EAHN.
Mirjana Roter-Blagojević holds a PhD in Architecture and Urbanism, has been working since 1989 at the University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture. Presently, she is as Associate Professor. The main fields of her research are: History of Architecture and Settlements, Residential Architecture in 19th and 20th Centuries, and Cultural Heritage and Preservation of Built Heritage. She has authored various papers in foreign journals and books, and is awarded for the book Residential Architecture of Belgrade in the 19th and early 20th Century (2006). She is one of the editors of the book Architecture and Ideology (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014). Moreover, she is a member of the Chamber of Serbian Engineers, the Association of Serbian Conservation Professionals, and ICOMOS Serbia.
Notes
1 Gunzburger Makaš and Damljanović Conley, Capital Cities; Doytchinov, Đukić, and Cătălina, Planning Capital Cities.
2 Roter-Blagojević, “The Modernization and Urban Transformation,” 20–42.
3 Stojanović, Kaldrma i asfalt, 24–9.
4 Nestorović, Arhitektura Srbije, 272–81, 305–6.
5 Maksimović, Urbanizam u Srbiji, 64–87.
6 Roter-Blagojević, “The Modernization and Urban Transformation,” 20–42.
7 Maksimović, Emilijan Josimović, 11–43; Vukotić-Lazar and Lalošević, Beograd u mapama i planovima, XIV.
8 Maksimović, Ideje i stvarnost, 14–8; Blagojević, “Urban Regulation,” 27–44.
9 Clegg, Art, Design & Architecture; Morávanszky, Competing Visions, 30–3; Olsen, “Beč,” 290–300.
10 Vuksanović-Anić, “Urbanistički razvitak Beograda,” 457, 459.
11 Nestorović, Arhitektura Srbije, 272–81, 305–6.
12 Nedić, “Urbanističko uredjenje,” 177–8; Maksimović, Ideje i stvarnost, 32–3.
13 Damljanović Conley, “Belgrade,” 52.
14 Kuzmanović, “Tehnička Direkcija,” 202; Nedić, “Urbanističko uredjenje,” 209; Vukotić-Lazar, “Urbanistički razvoj,” 201–2.
15 Milatović, “Alban Šambon,” 221–38; Vukotić-Lazar and Lalošević, Beograd u mapama i planovima, XIX.
16 Gidion, “Pariz,” 279–89; Castex, Depaule, and Panerai, Urbane forme, 19.
17 Maksimović, Ideje i stvarnost, 20, 31.
18 Pajević, Regulacija Beograda, 65–66.
19 Ignjatović, Jugoslovenstvo u Arhitekturi, 17–41.
20 Damljanović Conley, “Belgrade,” 45–60.
21 Vuksanović-Macura, Život na ivici, 29–31.
22 Vukotić-Lazar, “Urbanistički razvoj,” 210–2.
23 Morávanszky, Competing Visions, 36–40.
24 Morini, Atlante di storia dell’ urbanistica, 323–4; Vuksanović-Macura, San o gradu, 18.
25 Marković, “Uređenje Beograda,” 61–6.
26 Ibid.
27 Vuksanović-Macura, San o gradu, 56.
28 Marković, “Uređenje Beograda,” 61–6.
29 Program stečaja za izradu generalnog plana.
30 Ibid.
31 Vuksanović-Macura, San o gradu, 57.
32 Nedić, “Generalni urbanistički plan,” 301; Vuksanović-Macura, San o gradu, 64.
33 Ibid, 10, 77–8.
34 Ibid, 70–3.
35 “Generalni plan Beograda,” 75–9; Nedić, “Generalni urbanistički plan,” 301–10; Vuksanović-Macura, San o gradu, 75–80.
36 Morávanszky, Competing Visions, 36–61.
37 “Generalni plan Beograda,” 3; Maksimović, Ideje i stvarnost, 45; Vukotić-Lazar, “Urbanistički razvoj,” 223; Vuksanović-Macura, San o gradu, 10, 76–7, 87, 93.
38 Maksimović, “Vrednosti Generalnog plana,” 239–69; Vukotić-Lazar, “Urbanistički razvoj,” 223.
39 Maksimović, Ideje i stvarnost, 44–6.
40 Izveštaj o Generalnom planu, 9; Vuksanović-Macura, San o gradu, 187–93; Maksimović, Urbanistički razvoj, 649.
41 Arsenjev, “Biografski imenik,” 225–326.
42 Vukotić-Lazar, “Urbanistički razvoj,” 256–7.
43 Vukotić-Lazar, Beograd u mapama i planovima, XX.
44 Vukotić-Lazar, “Urbanistički razvoj,” 374–9.
45 Maksimović, Urbanistički razvoj, 650–6.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Vukotić-Lazar, “Urbanistički razvoj,” 212–37.
50 Maksimović, “Vrednosti Generalnog plana,” 255–66; Vukotić-Lazar and Lalošević, Beograd u mapama i planovima, XX.
51 Kadijević, “Istorija i arhitektura Zemunskog mosta,” 7–19; Ignjatović, Jugoslovenstvo u arhitekturi, 36–361.
52 Maksimović, Ideje i stvarnost, 55–6; Somborski, “Razvoj Beograda,” 40–52; “Danci nude na naspu,” 11.
53 Vukotić-Lazar and Đokić, “Complex History,” 34–40.
54 Ignjatović, Jugoslovenstvo u arhitekturi, 36–361.
55 Blagojević, Novi Beograd, 18–52.
56 Vuksanović-Anić, “Urbanistički razvitak,” 468–78.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
59 Maksimović, Ideje i stvarnost, 57.
60 Vuksanović-Macura, Život na ivici, 43–7.
61 Vuksanović-Anić, “Urbanistički razvitak,” 484.
62 Vukotić-Lazar, Beograd u mapama i planovima, XXI.