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ABSTRACT
This article explores housing models and hybrid typologies advanced as part of an urban renewal programme in Belgrade (Serbia, former Yugoslavia) in the 1980s. We argue that these typologies were tested against the socialist-modernist model of mass residential construction that had been dominant since the 1960s. Our research identifies the design methodologies employed in the insertion of collective housing typologies into an elite residential quarter of traditionally-planned detached family houses, in the case of high-standard housing project Dedinje II/2 (1979–1986) designed by the architect Zoran Županjevac. The article particularly focuses on local adaptation of the transnational concept of designing spaces of transition between community and privacy. Instrumental in this adaptation, we aim to show, was the educational experience and professional practice critical of radical modernism gained by the architect in the USA, UK and Austria. In particular, we find that the project reflects the transfer of knowledge and experience across cultural, geographic and political contexts. The resulting typologies, we contend, not only represented an example of a pluralist approach to late-socialist architecture but provided models for re-thinking housing in the transition to the market economy of the post-socialist period.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes on contributors
Dalia Dukanac is a PhD candidate at the University of Belgrade, where she currently teaches at the Department of Architecture. Her thesis explores the concepts of everyday life and use value as part of the design process of housing built for the purposes of the Army in Yugoslavia. She participated in the research of vernacular architecture of Bunt houses in Karnataka region in India at Manipal Institute of Technology – Faculty of Architecture (2012). She is a co-author of monograph Budućnost stanovanja: aspekti održivosti budućeg stanovanja u Srbiji (Belgrade, Arhitektonski fakultet, 2017).
Dr Ljiljana Blagojević is an architect, independent researcher and consultant. Her former academic appointments include associate professorship at the University of Belgrade and visiting professorships at the University of Novi Sad, University Donja Gorica in Podgorica, and at the Yale University School of Architecture in New Haven, CT. She is the author of five scholarly monographs, including Modernism in Serbia: Elusive Margins of Belgrade Architecture, 1919–1941 (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2003) and, in co-authorship with Wolfgang Thaler and Krunoslav Ivanišin, Dobrović in Dubrovnik: A Venture in Modern Architecture (Berlin: Jovis, 2015), and research articles and reviews in academic journals such as Perspecta, The Journal of Architecture, Architektura & Urbanismus, Architectural Research Quarterly, Spatium International Review, Cesky Lid, Le Culture della Tecnica and others.
Notes
1 Butter, “Showcase and Window”; Gorelik, “Pan-American Routes”; Kallus, “The Crete Development Plan”; Levels, “Across the Border”; Royo and de Valderrama, “From Greater London”; Schrijver, “Transatlantic Crossings.”
2 Kulić, Second World Postmodernisms.
3 Ibid., 2.
4 Damljanović-Conley and Jovanović, “Housing Architecture in Belgrade,” 295.
5 Petrović, Sociologija stanovanja, 95.
6 Cigić and Blagojević, “The Problem of the House.”
7 Ibid., 46, 63.
8 Lukić, “Naselje Kneževac – Kijevo,” 10.
9 Ivanšek, Enodružinska hiša.
10 Tsenkova, Housing Policy Reforms, 32.
11 Čižmek, “Sadašnjost je naša budućnost,” 22.
12 Ivanšek, Enodružinska hiša, 12.
13 Ibid., 221–41.
14 Petrović, Sociologija stanovanja, 96.
15 Prasnikar and Svejnar, “Workers’ Participation”; Unkovski-Korica, “Workers’ Councils”; cf. “Osnovni zakon o upravljanju.”
16 Estrin, “Yugoslavia.”
17 Vasić, “Samoupravno planiranje,” 20–21; cf. “Zakon o udruženom radu”; “Zakon o osnovama sistema.”
18 Ustav SFRJ, Act no. 54; cf. Popović, “Aktuelna stambena politika,” 12–13.
19 Uslovi i tehnički normativi, 6.
20 Ibid.
21 Chermayeff and Alexander, Community and Privacy, 128.
22 Ibid., 253.
23 Ibid., 64.
24 Milenković and Petrović, “Kosančićev venac,” 5.
25 Ibid., 5–8.
26 Mendleson, Recommendation of Županjevac.
27 Raynsford, “Urban Contrast and Neo-Toryism,” 115; cf: Carullo, “Tony Ray-Jones and the Manplan”. On Townscape, see: Aitchison, “Townscape”; Hultzsch, “Architectural History from Eye-level”; Macarthur, “Townscape, Anti-scrape and Surrealism”; Macarthur and Aitchison, “Oxford versus the Bath Road”; Parnell, “AR’s and AD’s Post-war Editorial Policies”; Powers, “Townscape as a Model of Organised Complexity”; Raynsford, “Alternative Visions of Post-war Reconstruction.”
28 Kastner, Brücken nach Osteuropa.
29 Sekulić, “Constructing a Non-aligned Modernity,” 122–33.
30 Chermayeff and Alexander, Community and Privacy, 64.
31 Macarthur and Aitchison, “Oxford versus the Bath Road,” 54, 65.
32 Chermayeff and Alexander, Community and Privacy, 61.
33 Vuksanović-Macura, “Generalni plan Beograda 1923,” 67.
34 Ibid., 4, 38, 166, 173–6; Banković and Vuksanović-Macura, Stvaranje modernog Beograda, 42, 44.
35 Vuksanović-Macura, “Generalni Plan Beograda 1923,” 202, 258.
36 Ibid., 201; Vuksanović-Macura and Baković, Mere grada, 77–9.
37 Maksimović, Urbanistički razvoj Beograda, 653.
38 Vuksanović-Macura, Život na ivici, 100–1.
39 Maksimović, Problemi urbanizma.
40 Vuksanović-Macura, “Generalni Plan Beograda 1923,” 68.
41 Blagojević, Modernism in Serbia, xiii.
42 Ibid., 57–8.
43 Ibid., 130–2; Ćorović, Vrtni grad u Beogradu, 40–2.
44 Aitchison, “Townscape,” 630.
45 Blagojević, Novi Beograd, 128.
46 Regulacioni plan opštine Savski venac, 11.
47 Ibid., 17.
48 Detaljni urbanistički plan zone Dedinja II/2 - Izmena, 1.
49 Žanko, Stan II, 85–98.
50 Jovanović, “Stambena izgradnja,” 8–9.
51 Mendelson, “Nova stambena naselja,” 18.
52 Stojanović, “Namena površina zone Dedinja,” 14.
53 Detaljni urbanistički plan zone Dedinja II/2, D - 11.
54 Ibid., 6.
55 Ibid.
56 Projektna dokumentacija […] u Jezdićevoj ulici, no pagination.
57 Detaljni urbanistički plan zone Dedinja II/2; cf. Projektna dokumentacija […] u Maglajskoj ulici, no pagination; Radmilo Todorović (Maglajska Street construction site manager), in discussion with the author, January 2016.
58 Verkasalo and Hirvonen, “Post-war Urban Renewal.”
59 Gold, “A SPUR to Action?” 215.
60 Detaljni urbanistički plan zone Dedinja II/2, 7.
61 Ibid., 11–12; cf. Izmena i dopuna Detaljnog urbanističkog plana, 1991, 2.
62 Detaljni urbanistički plan zone Dedinja II/2, D - 23.
63 Katalog 10. Salona arhitekture.
64 Zorana Županjevac (Zoran Županjevac’s wife), in discussion with the author, February 2017.
65 Architect & Building News, 1958, 711–23; Architect & Building News, 1958, 778–86; Architect & Building News, 1958, 651–4; Architects’ Journal, 1958, 315–22; British Constructional Engineer, 1958, 41–3; Builder, 1958, 946–8; Builder, 1958, 213–7; Builder, 1957, 156–8; Concrete, 1958, 234–7; Illustrated Carpenter & Builder, 1959, 20–1.
66 Daily Mail Book of Bungalow Plans, 1958, 57., Daily Mail Book of House Plans, 1959, 51–2., Daily Mail Book of House Plans, 1965, 30–1., Daily Mail Book of Bungalow Plans, 1966–1967, 62–3.
67 Langhamer, “Meanings of Home in Postwar Britain,” 360.
68 Clapson, “The Suburban Aspiration in England.”
69 Daily Mail Book of Bungalow Plans, front cover.
70 Ibid., 19.
71 Ibid.
72 Ibid., front cover.
73 Ibid., 62.
74 Ibid., 63.
75 Powers, “The Heroic Period of Conservation.”
76 Macarthur and Aitchison, “Oxford versus the Bath Road,” 54.
77 Ibid., 51.
78 Taylor, “The Failure of Housing,” 341–2, 359; Stone, “National Resources,” 360–2; Rock, “Rehabilitation,” 371–2; Popplestone, “Beyond the Green Belt,” 389–92; Richards, “Neighbourhood Transport,” 393–7; Cowburn, “Housing in a Consumer Society,” 398–400.
79 Nicholls, “Housing and the Environment,” 335.
80 Ibid., 336.
81 Ibid., 337.
82 Bogunović, Moja kuća, 7
83 Ibid.
84 Ibid.
85 Katalog 10. Salona arhitekture, 29.
86 Mlađenović, 55 istaknutih arhitekata Jugoslavije, 187.
87 Bogunović, Arhitektonska enciklopedija Beograda, 1161.
88 Katalog 12. Salona arhitekture, no pagination.
89 Ibid.
90 Chermayeff and Alexander, Community and Privacy.
91 Ibid., 218.
92 Ibid., 213.
93 Nicholls, “Housing and the Environment,” 335.
94 Projektna dokumentacija […] u Jezdićevoj ulici - Technical description, IV-1-1.
95 Žanko, Stan II, 85–98.
96 Katalog 11. Salona arhitekture, 17.
97 Jones, “Book Reviews,” 365.
98 Petrović, Sociologija stanovanja, 94–5; Vujović, Ljudi i gradovi, 84.
99 Petrović, Sociologija stanovanja, 86.
100 Petrović, “Post-socialist Housing Policy Transformation,” 219.
101 Petrović, Sociologija stanovanja, 87.
102 Estrin and Uvalic, “From Illyria towards Capitalism,” 666.
103 “Odluka o uslovima i tehničkim normativima”; cf. Milenković, “Nova odluka o uslovima,” 31–6; Nikolić, “Usmerena stambena izgradnja,” 3–8; Kritovac, “Ugrađena oprema u stanu,” 5–10; Vujnović, “Aktuelna pitanja stambene izgradnje,” 3–9.
104 Raynsford, “Urban Contrast and Neo-Toryism,” 98; cf. Powers, “Townscape as a Model of Organised Complexity,” 691–2.
105 Ibid., 98.
106 Mlađenović, 55 istaknutih arhitekata Jugoslavije, 187.
107 Chermayeff and Alexander, Community and Privacy, 254.