Celebrity worship: friend or foe of mental health? Qualitative evidence from Ghanaian adolescents

ABSTRACT

In an era where celebrity influence shapes the lives of young people worldwide, understanding its impact on adolescents has never been more critical. This study explores the growing phenomenon of celebrity worship among Ghanaian adolescents by employing an exploratory research design. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 adolescents who were conveniently sampled. Interpretative phenomenological analysis approach was adopted to uncover recurring patterns and themes in the data. Our findings show dual effects of celebrity worship on the mental health of the adolescents. These encompass positive aspects such as inspiration and motivation, and negative aspects like anxiety and low self-esteem. We also established that adolescents engage in celebrity worship for varied reasons, including a desire for social connection and a need for escapism. Thus, our study highlights the dynamic effects of celebrity worship on the mental health of adolescents. Further quantitative studies are recommended for a comprehensive understanding of this relationship.

KEYWORDS:

• Celebrity worship
• mental health
• Ghanaian adolescents
• qualitative research
• interpretative phenomenological analysis

Introduction

Celebrities are ‘known for being well-known’ (Boorstin, 1961, p. 57), regardless of whether that eminence is derived from entertainment, medicine, science, politics, religion, sports, or close association with other celebrities. Celebrities have a powerful influence on society at large (Fraser & Brown, 2002), shaping the attitudes and behaviours of those who perceive them as role models and identify closely with their characteristics (Dix et al., 2010; Fraser & Brown, 2002; McCormick, 2016). However, considerable differences exist in the level of engagement with celebrities. While some people get inspired by their favourite celebrities or benefit from the social connections established upon shared interests, others (termed ‘celebrity worshippers’) may develop an excessive admiration towards celebrities (McCutcheon et al., 2002). In Ghana, celebrities in entertainment, sports, and politics are often viewed as icons and role models, influencing not just fashion and lifestyle, but also deeper aspects of identity and aspirations (Agyepong, 2017). Despite the pervasive influence of celebrities, there is a notable lack of research focusing on the impact of celebrity worship within the country (Basilisco et al., 2019), especially among adolescents, who are at a critical stage of identity formation and social development.

Extant literature shows that the study of celebrity and fame has primarily followed three trends. Firstly, research has explored characteristics that differentiate highly skilled or intelligent individuals from the general population (Albert, 1996; Simonton, 1999). Secondly, studies have examined how celebrity status influences public attitudes, including consumer behaviour (Till & Shimp, 1998; Tripp et al., 1994). Lastly, there is a focus on the psychological effects of achieving fame. For instance, Schaller (1997) found that fame can lead to chronic self-consciousness and potentially self-destructive behaviours. Giles (2017) also described several problems faced by celebrities, including loneliness, friendship issues, and the loss of privacy.

However, as audiences and viewers increasingly come to ‘know’ persona by interpreting their appearance, gestures, conversation, and conduct, celebrities are not the only ones affected by fame (Rubin & McHugh, 1987). The symbolic emotional and cognitive processes (Planalp & Fitness, 1999) that occur in normal human interaction also form the basis of the impersonal ‘parasocial’ relationships between fans and celebrities (Alperstein, 1991). Mediated personas often become celebrities through this very process. Of course, parasocial interactions are part of normal identity-development. Yue and Cheung (2000) report that young people can have both idols and models. Idealism, romanticism, and absolutism seem more important in idol selection, whereas realism, rationalism, and relativism coincide with model selection. Children and adolescents often revere celebrities such as sports figures or pop singers (Greene & Adams-Price, 1990; Raviv et al., 1996), but this ‘worshipping’ of role models and celebrities usually decreases in intensity with age (Raviv et al., 1996). For some adults, however, celebrity worship becomes a significant behavioural phenomenon that dominates their lives (Giles, 2017; Klapp, 1962).

Celebrity worship is defined as a one-sided obsession with chosen celebrities, who are eminent people, especially popular and famous entertainers, sports stars and so on. Often, worshippers establish parasocial relationships with one or more celebrities (McCutcheon et al., 2003; Ang & Chan, 2018), with parasocial relationships being an imaginary, one-way relationship between fans towards an idolised figure. Celebrity worship is categorised into three levels: actively seeking celebrities for entertainment and social value, experiencing deep reflection and compulsion towards celebrities, and displaying borderline pathological tendencies, including an eagerness to do anything for celebrities (Maltby et al., 2005). Rojek (2001) observed that celebrity worship implies triviality and superficiality. He pointed out that fan-celebrity relationships involve high levels of non-reciprocal emotional dependence wherein fans project positive feelings onto the celebrity. Giles (2003) also wrote about fans who have a worshipful or religious quality in their admiration for celebrities. This includes ‘the communal nature of devotion, the reverence towards relics, and the sense of intimacy’. A growing number of scholars are concerned with the role that celebrities play in the lives of their admirers (Maltby et al., 2005). They are working to define a clear vocabulary to discuss the relationships between celebrities and their fans.

Adolescence is a period of developmental transition between childhood and adulthood, which involves biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes that are marked by clearly visible physical changes (Branje et al., 2021). Adolescent boys and girls navigate a tumultuous phase marked by self-awareness, independence, curiosity, passion, and societal expectations. Concurrently, they grapple with sensitivity, mood swings, and a reliance on intimate ties for emotional nourishment and security (Larson et al., 1980; Meeus, 2016). In Ghana, the cultural context of adolescence involves strong community ties and expectations of familial duty and respect (Wilson & Somhlaba, 2018). Adolescents in Ghana are often influenced by both traditional values and modern global media, creating a unique blend of cultural influences that shape their identity and behaviour (Wilson & Somhlaba, 2018). However, peer influence, as a crucial aspect of socialisation, plays a significant role in the development of these young individuals, particularly in their engagement with celebrity culture.

The correlation between peer influence and adolescents’ celebrity worship behaviours stem from peers’ pivotal role in socialisation alongside their developmental environments. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs highlights the importance of belongingness and love in fostering positive social interactions (Maslow, 1943). Similarly, according to the Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), peers exist in microsystems, directly impacting individual development. Adolescents, gravitate towards peers with similar values and seek exemplary figures to imitate (Dajches, 2022; Rojek, 2012; Xie, 2021). Celebrity worship, therefore, serves as a common ground for these young people, fostering shared experiences and topics that facilitate friendship and emotional communication.

Extant literature demonstrates a high prevalence of celebrity worship young people. For instance, Zhao (2013) surveyed 6480 students from Chinese primary and secondary schools and established that 69.2%, 70.9%, and 62.7% of primary school children, junior high, and senior high school students respectively, engaged in celebrity worship. Similarly, another study conducted by Uzuegbunam (2017) in Anambra State of Nigeria proved that celebrity worship among adolescents and youths in higher institutions is prevalent and gaining grounds through the vehicle of social media. Li and Zhang (2008) also found that 0.6% of young people perceived celebrity worship as a trend within their peer group, potentially making them appear unusual if not actively involved – exerting peer pressure on them. Furthermore, Xia (2015) reported that 3.5% of interviewed adolescents indicated that their celebrity worship was influenced by others. This rise in celebrity worship carries significant implications, as research suggests that high celebrity worship are often linked to undesirable attitudes and behaviours, including anxiety, depression, obsessive thoughts, suicide attempts, excessive gambling, disordered eating patterns, and difficulty maintaining intimate relationships.

Conversely, celebrity worship, as identified by Xiao (2005), can serve as a compensatory psychological defence mechanism, offering comfort, remedy, and a sense of fulfilment to adolescents grappling with depression or a sense of loss in their peer relationships or studies. However, in Ghana, the lack of a robust mental health support system coupled with entrenched social stigma associated with mental health issues further complicate the experiences of adolescents who engage in celebrity worship as a coping mechanism (Addy et al., 2021).

Over the past couple of decades, researchers have amassed a substantial body of evidence examining the association between psychological well-being and celebrity worship (Brooks, 2021). However, only a limited number of studies have investigated the underlying mechanisms of this association (Chia & Poo, 2009; Maltby et al., 2004). Various studies have investigated the relationship between psychological difficulties and celebrity worship, reporting a positive association between celebrity worship and symptoms of depression and anxiety (Maltby et al., 2001), lower life satisfaction (Maltby et al., 2004; Reeves et al., 2012), and lower self-esteem (Reeves et al., 2012). Psychoticism (Maltby et al., 2003), impulsiveness, and sensation seeking were also found to be predictors of pathological celebrity worship (Green et al., 2014; Martin et al., 2015), which were also positively associated with physical aggression (Hatfield & Dula, 2014). Empirical evidence suggests that celebrity worshippers are prone to fantasies, which can lead to severe difficulties in the integration of everyday experiences in various life domains (Maltby et al., 2006; Zsila et al., 2018). For instance, Zsila et al. (2019) found that the desire for fame and maladaptive daydreaming mediated the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and celebrity worship among Hungarian adolescents and adults.

The existing evidence indicates a rising trend in celebrity worship, exacerbated by technological advancements that bring celebrities closer to their fans, resulting in detrimental effects on the mental health of worshippers. However, Ang and Chan’s (2018) study demonstrate that adolescents do not always experience negative outcomes from celebrity worship. Nevertheless, there appears to be a notable gap in research within the Ghanaian context, as studies that investigated the connection between celebrity worship and the subjective mental well-being of young people are hard to come by. Recognising the potential dangers associated with celebrity worship, this study aims to address this crucial knowledge gap by exploring the experiences and perceptions of Ghanaian adolescents who engage in celebrity worship as well as the ensuing effects on their mental health. The outcomes of this study hold significant implications for understanding the influence of celebrity worship on the mental health of Ghanaian adolescents. This understanding is paramount for fostering healthier coping strategies and advancing the overall well-being of the country’s youthful population.

Methods

Study context

Ghana is a West African country known for its diverse culture, vibrant music scene, and growing entertainment industry (De Witte, 2012; Thalén, 2011). In recent years, there has been an increase in the popularity of local and international celebrities among Ghanaian youth (Shipley, 2013; Tweneboah, 2023). This trend has been fuelled by the widespread use of social media and easy access to celebrity news and gossip (Gbedawo, 2021; Meng, 2020). However, there is limited research on how this phenomenon impacts the mental health of Ghanaian adolescents. Adolescents in Ghana face a range of challenges, including cultural beliefs that stigmatise mental illness. Mental health issues among young people are often overlooked, and there is a lack of resources and support for those who are struggling (Asare & Danquah, 2015; Read et al., 2009). The influence of celebrity culture on the mental well-being of young people in Ghana is therefore an important area of investigation, as it has the potential to exacerbate existing mental health challenges or provide a positive outlet for self-expression and identity formation. According to Asare and Danquah (2015), sedentary behaviours among Ghanaian youths is associated with high levels of stress and anxiety. Understanding the impact of celebrity worship on the mental health of the country’s adolescent population is crucial for developing effective interventions and support systems that promote healthy development and well-being.

Study design

This study explores the impact of celebrity worship on the mental health of Ghanaian adolescents using an exploratory research design. According to Swedberg (2020), this approach is ideal for investigating new or relatively unexplored phenomena, where the goal is to gain insights and understanding rather than to test a hypothesis. To collect data from the participants, we conducted semi-structured interviews. These were done to allow participants the flexibility to express their thoughts and experiences in depth while also providing a structured framework to ensure that key topics were covered (Longhurst, 2003). As Longhurst (2003) noted, semi-structured interviews are particularly effective in exploratory research as they facilitate the uncovering of detailed insights and the dynamic interaction of ideas among participants. The data were analysed using the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach to identify and interpret patterns, themes, and meanings in the data (Biggerstaff & Thompson, 2008; Eatough & Smith, 2017). According to Alase (2017), the IPA approach is effective for capturing the lived experiences of participants, thereby providing a deep understanding of their perspectives.

Study participants

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescents as individuals between the ages of 10 and 19 years (Dehne & Riedner, 2001; Nair et al., 2015). The United Nations (UN) also uses a similar age range, defining adolescents as people aged between 10 and 19 years (Liang et al., 2019). In Ghana, the definition of an adolescent is based on the Children’s Act of 1998. Accordingly, an adolescent is a person who is 12 years or more but below 18 years of age (Government of Ghana, 1998). The definition is further elaborated in the Ghana National Adolescent Health and Development Strategy (2016–2020), which defines adolescents as those between the ages of 10 and 19 years. We recruited adolescents aged 15–18 years who engaged in celebrity worship. We chose this age group because they were more likely to effectively understand the issues than younger adolescents and were more likely to have access to smartphones. To gauge participant’s level of engagement with celebrities based on the criteria defined by Malty et al. (2005), we posed the following questions: 1) Do you often seek out information or entertainment specifically related to celebrities? 2) Do you feel a compulsive attraction towards certain celebrities? 3) Have you ever felt a pathological willingness to do anything for a celebrity? Using convenient sampling we selected participants based on their availability and willingness to participate in the study. The participants were briefed on the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits and were asked to provide informed consent before participating. The consent form was signed by the parents or guardians of participants below 18 years. Parental or guardian consent is typically required for minors or individuals below 18 years of age to participate in research studies. This is because minors are considered vulnerable people who may not fully understand the nature of the study and the potential risks and benefits involved. Obtaining parental or guardian consent, therefore, helped to ensure that the minors were protected. Moreover, in Ghana, it is a legal requirement to obtain parental or guardian consent for minors to participate in research studies.

Data collection procedure

Data was collected through semi-structured interviews which were conducted in person via a face-to-face interview approach (Irvine et al., 2013; Sturges & Hanrahan, 2004). The interviews were audio-recorded (Berazneva, 2014), with the participants’ permission, and lasted approximately 45–60 minutes each. An interview guide was used to ensure that all participants were asked the same core questions while allowing for flexibility to follow up on participants’ responses and explore emerging themes (Kallio et al., 2016). The interview guide was developed based on the research questions, literature, and pilot testing with a small group of participants. The interviews were conducted by research assistants who had prior experience in qualitative research. However, the research assistants underwent further training before commencing their work on the project. This additional training ensured they were thoroughly familiar with the specific objectives, protocols, and ethical considerations of the study. As a result, the consistency and reliability of the data collected were enhanced. The training focused on the research questions, methods, and how to approach and interact with the study participants (Phillips & Stawarski, 2008; Stevano & Deane, 2019). Additionally, they were trained on the principles of research ethics and confidentiality to ensure that the participants’ rights were protected throughout the study. Moreover, the research assistants were closely supervised by the principal investigator/lead author to ensure that they followed the study’s protocols and procedures. This involved regular check-ins, discussions of challenges that emerged during the interviews, and reviewing the transcripts to ensure accuracy and consistency in the data collection process. The close supervision helped to ensure that the data collected were of high quality and met the study’s objectives.

Data analysis

We transcribed all interviews conducted word for word. We then read through the transcriptions several times to become familiar with the data and identify important parts of the interviews. This helped the researchers to better understand what the participants were saying and identify any common themes or ideas. Using IPA, the researchers then looked at the themes and patterns in the data (Biggerstaff & Thompson, 2008; Eatough & Smith, 2017). We identified the most common and important themes that emerged from the interviews. For example, one theme was ‘the influence of celebrities on mental health’. Then, we developed an interpretive account of these themes, through attempts to understand what the themes meant and how they related to each other (Biggerstaff & Thompson, 2008). This helped us gain a deeper understanding of the participants’ experiences and perspectives on celebrity worship and its impact on mental health.

Ethical considerations

The study adhered to ethical principles, including informed consent, confidentiality, and respect for participants’ autonomy and privacy. Participants were informed about the purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits of the study before providing their consent to participate. Participants’ anonymity and confidentiality were ensured by using pseudonyms and storing the data securely.

Results

Profile of the adolescents

The adolescents’ profile is presented in Table 1, showing that 7 of the participants were females and 5 were males, all aged between 15 and 18 years. Among them, 6 were Senior High School (SHS) students, 2 were SHS graduates, 2 were Junior High School (JHS) students, and 2 were JHS graduates. They identified with various kinds of celebrities such as social media influencers, actors, athletes, politicians, religious leaders, and media personalities. All of the participants followed their favourite celebrities on the various platforms they had access to, while 8 of them consumed merchandise or products associated with their favourite celebrities.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the study’s respondents.

Pseudonym	Gender	Age range	Educational level	Type of celebrities the participant is attracted to	Keeps up with their lives on social media	Consumes merchandise associated with celebrities
Joe	Male	15–18	JHS student	Social media influencers, musicians and athletes	Yes	No
Sika	Female	15–18	JHS student	Social media influencers	Yes	Yes
Mark	Male	15–18	SHS student	Social media influencers, athletes and actors	Yes	Yes
Edem	Male	15–18	JHS graduate	Athletes	Yes	Yes
Loyce	Female	15–18	SHS student	Social media influencers	Yes	Yes
Yaw	Male	15–18	SHS student	Social media influencers	Yes	No
Freda	Female	15–18	JHS graduate	Politicians, social media influencers, religious leaders	Yes	Yes
Janet	Female	15–18	SHS student	Musicians and religious leaders	Yes	No
Eyram	Female	15–18	SHS student	Social media influencers	Yes	Yes
Esther	Female	15–18	SHS graduate	Actors, musicians, athletes, social media influencers	Yes	No
Abena	Female	15–18	SHS graduate	Social media influencers, actors and politicians	Yes	Yes
Paa Kwesi	Male	15–18	SHS student	Social media influencers and media personalities	Yes	Yes

NB! In Ghana, SHS stands for Senior High School, which is the second cycle of education for students mostly between the ages of 15–18, after completing Junior High School (JHS). JHS stands for Junior High School, which is part of the first cycle of education for students mostly between the ages of 12–15.

Findings

The results suggest that the adolescents perceive celebrities as role models and have strong emotional attachments and identification with them. Also, it was evident that social media plays a significant role in increasing the prevalence of celebrity worship, with users having access to constant updates on their favourite celebrities’ lives. However, excessive celebrity worship was found to be strongly linked to various mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem.

Celebrities as role models

The results suggest that adolescents perceive celebrities as important role models, as they view celebrity behaviour and actions as an indication of success and achievement. The participants also identified a perceived positive impact of celebrity influence on society, citing examples such as celebrity advocacy for social justice and charitable works.

Celebrity behaviour and actions as role models

The behaviour and actions of celebrities were often viewed as worth-emulating, with their influence extending beyond their professional lives to their personal lives. The study established that celebrity behaviour and activities as role models were seen as positive by adolescents. Positive behaviours such as charitable giving and advocacy for social justice were admired.

‘When I see my favourite celebrity doing something positive or charitable, it inspires me to do the same. They use their platform for public good, and it makes me want to do the same with my influence.’ [Freda]

‘I look up to my favourite celebrity as a role model because they’ve worked hard to achieve their success, and it motivates me to work hard towards my own goals.’ [Joe]

‘Seeing my favourite celebrity overcoming challenges and obstacles makes me feel like I can do the same. They give me hope and strength to face my struggles.’ [Abena]

‘My favourite celebrity has a positive attitude and outlook on life, and it encourages me to adopt the same mind-set. They’ve taught me to focus on the good in life and not dwell on the negative.’ [Edem]

Celebrity status as an indicator of success and achievement

Adolescents often look up to celebrities as a symbol of success and achievement, as highlighted in our findings on celebrity culture. Many of the young people viewed celebrities as symbols of success and achievement, hence, they strive to emulate their lifestyles and behaviours to attain similar levels of success. This perception was reinforced by the media, which often presents celebrities as models of excellence in various fields, such as sports, entertainment, and business. Participants in the study reported that they viewed celebrities as role models and were inspired by their achievements, which motivated them to pursue their own goals and aspirations.

‘In our society today, celebrities are the epitome of success and achievement, and thus, following their footsteps can lead to similar outcomes in life. They believe that celebrities have worked hard to reach their current status and that their fame and wealth are the result of their dedication and hard work.’ [Freda]

‘Having a celebrity status means being recognized and respected by others, which they consider as a form of success. They also believe that having a celebrity status can open doors to new opportunities, such as business ventures or collaborations, and that it can provide financial stability.’ [Yaw]

‘I view celebrity status as an indicator of success and achievement. I often aspire to attain similar fame and wealth. This leads me to follow celebrities closely and try to emulate their lifestyles.’ [Eyram]

Perceived positive impact of celebrity influence on society

The study found that participants perceived a positive impact of celebrity influence on society. Some participants expressed that celebrities have the power to inspire and motivate individuals to pursue their goals and dreams. Participants stated that celebrities have a great influence on society, hence, they can help in educating the public on certain issues and advocating for positive change in society. Additionally, participants reported that celebrities use their platform to bring attention to important social and political issues as well as raise awareness about certain causes.

‘Celebrities can serve as positive role models, promoting values such as integrity, empathy, and selflessness. For example, Ghanaian actress and philanthropist Yvonne Nelson is known for her activism and humanitarian work, advocating for social justice and helping underprivileged communities. She uses her platform to raise awareness about important issues, inspiring others to use their voice for positive change.’ [Loyce]

‘Ghanaian celebrities often use their star power to raise funds and support for charitable causes, such as health campaigns, education initiatives and poverty alleviation programs. They lend their names and resources to these worthy causes and they inspire others to give back to their communities and make a positive impact on society’ [Esther]

Emotional attachment and identification with celebrities

Our results further demonstrate that adolescents develop emotional attachments and identifications with their favourite celebrities through various mechanisms, including leveraging celebrity culture as both a means of escapism and entertainment. Participants also reported feeling personal connections and relatability to celebrities due to their perceived similarities in lifestyle and struggles. They also developed an attachment to the image and persona of a celebrity, which often provided a sense of comfort and familiarity.

Escapism and entertainment through celebrity culture

We found that many adolescents engage in celebrity worship as means of escapism and entertainment. Participants reported using celebrity culture as a way to escape from the stresses of everyday life and to indulge in a form of entertainment that they found pleasurable. This can be seen through how individuals engage with celebrity news and gossip, consume celebrity-endorsed products, and follow the personal lives of their favourite celebrities. The emotional attachment that individuals form with celebrities is often driven by the desire to escape the realities of their own lives and live vicariously through the lives of celebrities. Additionally, the entertainment value of celebrity culture provides a form of distraction from stress and anxiety, allowing individuals to temporarily forget their problems and immerse themselves in the world of celebrity.

‘I follow celebrities to distract myself from my problems. Seeing their luxurious lifestyles and fun moments makes me feel happy and forget about my issues’ [Paa Kwesi]

‘I watch reality TV shows because they are so entertaining. It’s like a break from reality and I get to live vicariously through the celebrities’ [Mark]

‘I love watching celebrity interviews and getting a glimpse of their personalities. It’s like getting to know a new friend and I find it very entertaining’ [Freda]

‘I follow my favourite actors and actresses on social media, and it’s like getting a glimpse into their daily lives. It’s fun, and it helps me forget about my problems for a while.’ [Eyram]

Personal connection and relatability with celebrities

More so, the adolescents reported having personal connections and relatability to celebrities’ life experiences, which affects their (adolescents) behaviours and attitudes towards certain topics and situations. This connection often stems from shared experiences or characteristics, such as a similar background or life story. Also, the participants reported feeling inspired by celebrities who have overcome similar struggles, as they can see themselves in the celebrity’s shoes. Furthermore, participants felt a sense of validation and belongingness whenever celebrities shared similar beliefs or opinions. This personal connection and relatability provided the adolescents with a sense of comfort and support, as well as influence their behaviours and attitudes.

‘I feel like I have a personal connection with my favourite celebrity. I relate to their struggles and I admire how they handle challenges.’ [Abena]

‘Whenever I feel down, I watch interviews of my favourite celebrity. It makes me feel like I’m not alone and that someone out there understands what I’m going through.’ [Janet]

‘I love how my favourite celebrity uses their platform to speak up about issues that matter. It makes me feel like they care about the same things I do and that we can make a difference together.’ [Sika]

‘People often underestimate the power of a celebrity’s relatability. When fans see themselves reflected in a celebrity’s struggles and triumphs, it can provide a sense of validation and connection.’ [Esther]

Attachment to the image and persona of a celebrity

Our results also show that adolescents often develop strong emotional connections to their favourite celebrity’s image and persona. This attachment can stem from a desire to emulate the celebrity’s behaviour or a sense of familiarity with the celebrity’s struggles. Adolescents with high levels of attachment to their favourite celebrity were more likely to engage in behaviours that aligned with the celebrity’s image, such as dressing in a similar style or adopting similar habits. The study also found that individuals with high levels of attachment were more likely to feel a sense of connection and belongingness with other fans who also shared their admiration for the celebrity’s image and persona.

‘I feel like I know the celebrity personally like we’re friends. Their image and persona are so relatable to me, and I find comfort in following their life and career. It’s like an escape from my reality, and I feel inspired by their success and achievements.’ [Freda]

‘I feel like I know my favourite celebrity on a personal level because of the way they present themselves online. Their image and persona make me feel like we have a connection, even though we’ve never actually met.’ [Abena]

Social media and celebrity worship

Furthermore, the results demonstrate that social media plays a significant role in celebrity worship, providing fans with increased exposure and accessibility to their favourite celebrities. Social media provides greater exposure and accessibility to celebrities, leading to an increased interest and engagement in their lives. Social media platforms also create a sense of community among fans, which can lead to comparison and competition. Participants in the study expressed concerns about the negative impact of social media on their mental health and self-esteem, including feelings of inadequacy and lower self-worth.

Increased exposure and accessibility to celebrities

The widespread use of social media platforms has increased the exposure and accessibility of celebrities to their fans, which has led to a shift toward celebrity worship. In the past, fans could only access celebrity content through traditional media such as television and print magazines, but social media has made it possible for fans to connect with celebrities directly, follow their daily lives, and gain access to exclusive content. This has led to an increase in the amount of time fans spend engaging with celebrity content and has made celebrity culture a more integral part of daily life. Social media platforms have also provided fans with a way to connect with other fans, creating a sense of community around celebrity culture.

‘Social media has brought celebrities closer to their fans than ever before. With just a few taps on your phone, you can access their latest posts, and updates, and even engage in real-time conversations with them.’ [Freda]

‘Before social media, celebrities were like distant stars in the sky, but now they’re like friends you’ve never met. Their daily lives are on full display, from their workouts to their breakfast choices, making them feel more relatable and accessible than ever before.’ [Yaw]

‘Social media has levelled the playing field between celebrities and regular people. Now, everyone has a platform to showcase their talents and gain a following. As a result, some people feel like they’re just one viral post away from becoming the next big thing, creating a culture of comparison and competition on social media.’ [Paa Kwesi]

Comparison and competition among fans on social media

The paper found that social media has led to a rise in comparison and competition among fans of celebrities. With the increased accessibility to celebrities through social media, fans are more likely to compare themselves to their idols and each other, striving to achieve the same level of success and popularity. The pressure to keep up with the latest trends and appear as ‘perfect’ as their favourite celebrities can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. This is further fuelled by the competitive nature of social media, where likes, comments, and shares are seen as a measure of popularity and success. As some participants in the study noted:

‘It’s like a race to see who can be the biggest fan and get the most attention from the celebrity on social media. It’s exhausting trying to keep up.’ [Mark]

‘I always compare my life to the glamorous lifestyles of my favourite celebrities on social media, and it makes me feel like I’m not doing enough with my own life.’ [Freda]

‘On social media, fans are constantly trying to one-up each other in their knowledge and dedication to their favourite celebrities. It’s like a competition to see who knows more, who has met the celebrity in person, or who has the most likes and comments on their fan posts.’ [Abena]

‘Social media has created a culture of constant comparison and competition among fans, which can be both motivating and toxic. Fans need to remember that they don’t need to compete with each other or compare themselves to celebrities to enjoy and appreciate their work.’ [Janet]

Perceived impact of social media on mental health and self-esteem

The findings showed that social media has a significant impact on adolescents’ mental health and self-esteem, with many respondents reporting feelings of anxiety, low self-esteem, and depression after prolonged exposure to social media platforms. Additionally, the study found that celebrity culture on social media can exacerbate these negative effects, with many participants feeling pressure to live up to unrealistic standards set by their favourite celebrities. Participants also reported feeling increased social comparison and fear of missing out (FOMO) as a result of social media, leading to a negative impact on their mental well-being.

‘I used to spend hours scrolling through Instagram, comparing myself to other people’s perfectly curated lives. It made me feel like I wasn’t good enough.’ [Janet]

‘I used to enjoy following my favourite celebrities on social media, but now I feel like I’m constantly bombarded with their posts and updates. It’s overwhelming and exhausting.’ [Esther]

‘Social media has become a breeding ground for feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem, as we constantly compare ourselves to the carefully curated lives of celebrities and influencers online.’ [Loyce]

Celebrity worship and mental health concerns

The results suggest that celebrity worship may have some positive effects on mental health, such as providing inspiration and motivation for personal growth and a sense of belonging and social connection with other fans. However, the study also found that excessive celebrity worship can lead to obsession and addiction, as well as perceived negative impacts on mental health, such as increased anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.

The pros

The paper suggests that adolescents who feel inspired or motivated by a celebrity may experience positive effects on their mental health. Specifically, those who identified strongly with a celebrity and felt that they shared similar experiences reported higher levels of self-esteem and a greater sense of well-being. Additionally, the study found that exposure to positive messages from a celebrity, such as those related to self-love and acceptance, was associated with decreased levels of anxiety and depression among adolescents.

‘Seeing my favourite celebrity share their mental health struggles and how they overcame them gave me hope and motivated me to seek help for my mental health issues.’ [Freda]

‘When I see celebrities being open about their mental health struggles, it makes me feel like I’m not alone in what I’m going through. It inspires me to be more open about my struggles and seek support.’ [Loyce]

‘I follow this celebrity on social media and the positive messages and motivational posts they share always lift my mood. It’s like having a virtual mentor who inspires me to be the best version of myself.’ [Yaw]

‘I watched an interview where a celebrity talked about how they dealt with anxiety, and it gave me some practical tips that I could try myself. It was really helpful and I felt like I had learned something valuable.’ [Mark]

Furthermore, the participants suggest that a sense of belonging and social connection with other fans may provide some benefits. These benefits include increased social support, positive emotions, and enhanced well-being. Additionally, social connections with other fans can lead to greater engagement with the celebrity and their content, which can further strengthen the sense of belonging and connection within the fan community.

‘Being a part of a fan community makes me feel like I belong somewhere and have a group of people who share the same interests and values as me.’ [Mark]

‘I feel a strong social connection with other fans when we attend events or discuss our favourite celebrity. It’s like we’re all part of a big family.’ [Joe]

‘When I’m feeling down, interacting with other fans on social media or at events helps me feel better. It’s like having a support system who understands what I’m going through.’ [Eyram]

‘Being a part of a fan community has helped me develop new friendships and connections that I wouldn’t have had otherwise. It’s a great way to expand your social circle.’ [Edem]

The cons

Adolescents who had an obsession or addiction to celebrity culture reported experiencing negative impacts on their mental health. This included increased levels of anxiety and depression, as well as lower self-esteem. Additionally, participants expressed concern about how obsession and addiction to celebrity culture can have negative health consequences due to prolonged sitting and sedentary behaviour associated with reading and surfing about celebrities. Participants reported spending long hours sitting and scrolling through social media feeds and tabloids, leading to physical discomfort and musculoskeletal pain. The sedentary lifestyle associated with this behaviour can lead to physical health problems, such as obesity and related chronic diseases.

‘I spend most of my free time browsing the internet for the latest gossip and news about my favourite celebrities. I often lose track of time and end up sitting for hours on end, scrolling through endless posts and articles.’ [Joe]

‘I’m addicted to following the lives of famous people. I get so caught up in their drama and forget about my own life, even my health. I don’t exercise as much as I used to, and I often skip meals just to keep up with the latest news.’ [Edem]

‘Sometimes, I feel like I can’t go a day without checking social media for updates on my favourite celebrities. I know it’s not good for me, but I just can’t help myself. I end up sitting for hours and neglecting other important things in my life, like work and family.’ [Freda]

‘I used to be active and energetic, but ever since I got hooked on celebrity culture, I spend most of my time sitting and reading about them. My health has suffered, and I don’t have as much energy as I used to.’ [Yaw]

Additionally, there is a negative impact of celebrity worship on the mental health of adolescents. Adolescents who engage in excessive admiration and idolization of celebrities are more likely to experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. This behaviour can also lead to an unhealthy preoccupation with appearance and fame, which may contribute to the development of eating disorders and other mental health issues.

‘I used to follow a lot of celebrities on social media, but it just made me feel bad about myself. I started comparing myself to them and feeling like I wasn’t good enough.’ [Esther]

‘Sometimes I feel like I’m not living up to the expectations of my favourite celebrity. It’s like they have this perfect life and I’m just stuck here.’ [Joe]

‘I used to spend hours every day reading about my favourite celebrities and watching their interviews. But then I started feeling like it was taking over my life and I couldn’t focus on anything else.’ [Freda]

‘I think it’s unhealthy to obsess over celebrities. It can make you feel like you’re not good enough, and that can lead to a lot of negative thoughts and feelings.’ [Abena]

Discussion

Our results demonstrate that Ghanaian adolescents perceive celebrities as role models and develop strong emotional attachments to them. This finding supports a plethora of existing research on the subject (Gleason et al., 2017; Kearney & Levine, 2020). Ang and Chan (2018) conducted a phenomenological study among Malaysian adolescents to investigate the experiences of celebrity worshipers. A strong emotional and social connection with celebrities was established among these adolescents, largely because of their perception of who celebrities are, celebrity products, and peer pressure. Celebrities frequently act as role models throughout the developmental stages of adolescence (Kearney & Levine, 2020). According to Gleason et al. (2017), adolescence is the period characterised by identity construction and discovery. Celebrities are frequently portrayed as successful, exceptionally talented, and glamorous people who epitomise characteristics that young people desire to have (Kearney & Levine, 2020). Most importantly, when it comes to topics like fashion, music, or personal style, adolescents often resort to celebrities for inspiration, direction, and affirmation (Menon et al., 2021). Because of their apparent similarities or shared experiences, adolescents may grow deep emotional attachments to celebrities (Menon et al., 2021). Lee (2019) identified that social media platforms that reveal details about celebrities’ private lives foster a sense of familiarity and intimacy in adolescents, thereby strengthening this emotional bond with celebrities. Meanwhile, parasocial interactions, which are one-sided partnerships where people feel a sense of connection and closeness with celebrities, have been discovered as a prime pathway by which adolescents exhibit their emotional attachment to celebrities (Yasmin & Nandang, 2020). Thus, despite not having had any direct personal contact with celebrities, adolescents may feel connected to them. This connection can influence their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours (Gleason et al., 2017; Yasmin & Nandang, 2020). As Hoffner and Bond (2022) intimated, adolescents usually want to live like, dress like, or act like their favourite celebrities. This is often demonstrated in a variety of areas, including interpersonal relationships (Eyal et al., 2020), professional decisions (Newman et al., 2021), and personal values (Cahyani & Purnamasari, 2019). As a result, most adolescents are more likely to indulge in illicit activities and behaviours in their bid to conform to their idealised celebrity role models (Xie, 2021). Research suggests that adolescents who have strong emotional associations with celebrities may be more susceptible to exaggerated and unrealistic portrayals, which could result in a skewed view of themselves, and of what society expects of them (Cahyani & Purnamasari, 2019; Marlin et al., 2019). However, our research participants demonstrated some perceived significance of celebrity worship, as they viewed the phenomenon as a form of pleasure and relaxation that facilitates the momentary release of stress and pressures of daily life. This finding gives support to Vinney’s (2023) assertion that celebrity worship offers a source of entertainment while providing acquittal from struggles in one’s personal life.

Furthermore, our study established that social media significantly contributes to the rise in celebrity worship among adolescents. This finding is consistent with social media’s broader impact on popular culture and how people interact with celebrities (Bányai et al., 2017; Brooks, 2021; Zsila & Demetrovics, 2020). A recent systematic review by Brooks (2021) to understand the various drivers of celebrity worship suggests that the proliferation of social media and the rise of celebrity culture are major issues of concern particularly among adolescents. Social media platforms have completely changed how individuals interact with and consume celebrity culture (Zsila et al., 2021). Thus, many adolescents have developed a passion for social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram, where they can readily obtain ongoing information on the lives of their favourite celebrities (Charmaraman et al., 2021; Stepanyan, & Anaida, 2019). By leveraging these platforms, adolescents feel more involved and connected with their favourite stars. Tengku and Manaf (2019) identified that adolescents communicate with celebrities in real time, examine their posts, and follow their profiles on social media. Due to access to everyday routines, private thoughts, and behind-the-scenes happenings around celebrities, adolescents develop a great sense of familiarity and closeness with their favourite stars (Stepanyan, & Anaida, 2019). More so, adolescents’ perception of celebrities as relatable is further bolstered by some features of social media platforms including options to offer comments, likes, and direct messages (Eyal et al., 2020; Monica & Jiang, 2018; Tengku & Manaf, 2019). Social media also provides a forum for people to share their thoughts and interact with other enthusiasts (Monica & Jiang, 2018). This enables adolescents to express their feelings, experiences and views about their favourite celebrities in online groups, fan pages, and hashtags devoted to certain superstars. Adolescents may experience a cycle of celebrity worship that is reinforced by this sense of community as they find acceptance and companionship among people who share their interests (Eyal et al., 2020). Thus, social media can increase the pressure to live up to conventional norms of success, beauty, and lifestyle, which exacerbates the harmful effects of excessive celebrity worship (Charmaraman et al., 2021; Marlin et al., 2019).

Again, our study found that celebrity worship is associated with mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. These connections have received extensive scholarly documentation (Brooks, 2021; Maltby et al., 2001; Zsila & Demetrovics, 2020; Zsila et al., 2019), shedding light on the possible drawbacks of intensive exposure to celebrity culture. However, the results further revealed that adolescents who feel inspired or motivated by celebrities may experience some positive effects on their mental health. Specifically, those who identified with celebrities and felt that they shared similar experiences reported higher levels of self-esteem and a greater sense of well-being, intimating that exposure to positive messages from celebrities could have positive effects on adolescents’ mental and psychosocial well-being. This finding echoes Nnodim et al. (2020) discovery that a greater proportion of adolescent boys and girls perceive some positive effects of celebrity worship on their mental health. Meanwhile, depressive symptoms may be more severe in people who practice excessive celebrity worship. Thus, in a study to explore the psychological well-being of celebrity worshipers, Maltby et al. (2001) found that depressive symptoms were predominantly influenced by intense-personal celebrity worship, whereas entertainment-social celebrity worship caused depression and anxiety. Moreover, anxiety and depressive symptoms were strongly and positively correlated with intense-personal and borderline-pathological celebrity worship (Maltby et al., 2001). Similarly, a recent cross-sectional study conducted among 1577 adolescents aged 16–19 discovered a poor mental health prevalence (72.5%) among intense celebrity worshipers in tertiary institutions in Nigeria (Nnodim et al., 2020). Nnodim et al. (2020) also noted that psychotic feelings and feelings of discontent, inadequacy, and unhappiness can result from exposure to supposed celebrities’ ideal lives. As a result, adolescents may experience depressive symptoms (Vinney, 2023). Again, the strain to live up to these flawless depictions of celebrities’ lives and the desire to do so can lead to unhealthy pressure on oneself especially in social settings where people could feel under pressure to live up to the celebrity standards (Gleason et al., 2017; Griffith et al., 2013; Stever, 2011). Shreds of available evidence also suggest that people with extreme celebrity worship may have poorer levels of self-esteem (Cahyani & Purnamasari, 2019; Griffith et al., 2013). This is largely demonstrated through the constant comparison of their lives to that of celebrities (Zsila & Demetrovics, 2020).

Implications for policy, practice and research

This study presents a complicated subject from many angles. On the one hand, it draws attention to the possible drawbacks of extreme celebrity culture engagement, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. This suggests a need for increased awareness and support which could help mitigate these potential risks. However, it is necessary to take into account the different viewpoints that recognize the benefits of celebrity worship. As also demonstrated in this study, following the lives of celebrities can provide adolescents with motivation and desire to accomplish their ambitions, and a sense of community among followers. Therefore, a balanced approach is required, noting the risks while also recognizing that not everyone who participates in celebrity culture experiences detrimental mental health repercussions.

Based on the findings of the study, policymakers ought to be aware of the potential negative impact of excessive celebrity worship on mental health, especially among adolescents. One potential policy implication is to consider developing educational programmes and awareness campaigns that raise awareness about the potential risks associated with celebrity worship and provide coping mechanisms for managing mental health concerns related to this phenomenon. Additionally, policymakers could explore the possibility of regulating social media platforms to reduce the prevalence of harmful content related to celebrity culture and ensure that users have access to accurate information about mental health resources and support systems. Policymakers can also look into investing in mental health services and resources for adolescents, particularly those who are at high risk of experiencing negative mental health outcomes related to celebrity worship.

Parents and caregivers should take a proactive role in educating their children about the potential risks of excessive celebrity worship. They should monitor their children’s social media use and limit their exposure to celebrity culture. It is essential to promote healthy role models and encourage children to look up to individuals who embody positive values and traits. Parents and caregivers should also foster open communication with their children to ensure that they are aware of any potential mental health concerns and provide the necessary support and resources to address them. Through this, parents and caregivers could play a critical role in promoting healthy and positive behaviours among children and adolescents.

The implications of this study for future research in Ghana are significant. Given the strong emotional attachment and identification with celebrities among individuals, it is crucial to conduct further research on the impact of celebrity worship on mental health in Ghanaian adolescents. This could include investigating the prevalence of celebrity worship among Ghanaian adolescents and the specific mental health concerns that may arise from excessive celebrity worship. Additionally, research could explore potential cultural differences in the perception of celebrities and their role as role models. Such studies would provide valuable insights for designing interventions to promote healthy coping mechanisms and reduce the negative impact of celebrity worship on mental health among adolescents in Ghana.

Strengths and weaknesses

The use of the qualitative approach enabled a detailed investigation of Ghanaian adolescents’ perceptions and experiences with celebrity worship. It offered an in-depth grasp of the subject, enabling a nuanced comprehension of celebrity worship and adolescent mental health. The study’s focus on adolescents from Ghana helped us understand how celebrity worship presents itself in this particular cultural setting. This improved the study’s applicability and relevance to the intended audience. The study delved into the emotional bonds and identifications that adolescents develop with celebrities, offering insightful information about the fundamental principles of celebrity worship and its possible effects on mental health. However, some limitations must be considered when interpreting the findings. For instance, the small sample size could affect the generalisation of the research findings. Additionally, participant characteristics such as sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeconomic status, and other demographic factors were not extensively explored. These factors can significantly influence both celebrity worship trends and adolescent health and well-being, potentially impacting the study’s findings. For example, sexual and gender minorities might experience celebrity worship differently due to varying representations in media and societal acceptance. Hence, when appraising the findings, it is critical to take into account the unique participant features as well as their cultural setting. Also, the use of self-reported data could be affected by social desirability bias or memory recall bias. Thus, participants may have given answers that only conformed to social norms or might not accurately recollect their celebrity worship scenarios. To acquire a more complete knowledge of the connection between celebrity worship and mental health, additional research is encouraged. Meanwhile, by acknowledging these strengths and limitations, the study’s findings could be seen in a more balanced light.

Conclusion

The study highlights the complex and often contradictory nature of adolescent perceptions of celebrities as role models, and the need for critical media literacy education to help young people navigate the influence of celebrity culture. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that celebrity worship among Ghanaian adolescents has both positive and negative effects on mental health. The positive effects include inspiration, motivation, and entertainment, while the negative effects include excessive investment in the lives of celebrities, unrealistic expectations, and increased anxiety and depression. It was also observed that celebrity worship affects both educated and uneducated adolescents, suggesting that education level may not be a significant factor in determining the impact of celebrity worship on mental health. It is recommended that mental health professionals, educators, and parents become more aware of the potential negative effects of celebrity worship on adolescents’ mental health and take measures to mitigate these effects. Further research with a larger sample size and a more diverse population is needed to confirm these findings and provide more insights into this phenomenon.

Abbreviations

IPA	=	Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
UN	=	United Nations
WHO	=	World Health Organization

Authors’ contributions

AKM and DK contributed to the conception and design, acquisition and analysis of data, and manuscript drafting. BW and DF contributed to the study conception, design, and proofreading of the manuscript. CP contributed to the conception and design, acquisition and analysis of data, and manuscript drafting. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The rationale behind the study was explained to the participants and then written and verbal consent was sought from them before agreeing to participate in the study. As the dignity, safety, and well-being of the interviewees were a matter of primary concern to the researchers, participation in the study was strictly voluntary, and no identifying or sensitive information was recorded.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The authors reported that there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.