IV. Enablers: The Sinews of Power Projection

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Notes

1 Helene Cooper, ‘United Arab Emirates, Key U.S. Ally in ISIS Effort, Disengaged in December’, New York Times, 3 February 2015.

2 Philippe Gross, ‘Libya and Mali Operations: Transatlantic Lessons Learned’, Foreign Policy Papers, German Marshall Fund, July 2014, p. 11.

3 Henrik Heidenkamp, John Louth and Trevor Taylor, The Defence Industrial Triptych: Government as Customer, Sponsor and Regulator of Defence Industry, RUSI Whitehall Paper 81 (London: Taylor and Francis, 2013), p. 3.

4 Bruce R Nardulli, ‘The Arab States’ Experiences’, in Karl P Mueller (ed.), Precision and Purpose: Airpower in the Libyan Civil War (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2015), pp. 365–67.

5 Sujan Dutta, ‘Revived: Plan to Give Access to Bases’, The Telegraph [India], 22 January 2015; Saroj Bishoyi, ‘Logistics Support Agreement : A Closer Look at the Impact on India-US Strategic Relationship’, Journal of Defence Studies (Vol. 7, No. 1, January–March 2013), p. 154. India is not alone. Many US partners – like Indonesia, Brazil and Egypt – have held out from signing a CISMOA, for instance.

6 Keith Hartley, ‘Jointery – Just Another Panacea? An Economist's View’, Defense Analysis (Vol. 14, No. 1, April 1998); Jeremy Black, War since 1945 (London: Reaktion Books, 2005), pp. 164–65.

7 Andrew Dorman, Mike Lawrence Smith and Matthew Uttley, ‘Jointery and Combined Operations in an Expeditionary Era: Defining the Issues’, Defense Analysis (Vol. 14, No. 1, April 1998), p. 3.

8 Stephen Prince, ‘British Command and Control in the Falklands Campaign’, Defense and Security Analysis (Vol. 18, No. 4, December 2002), pp. 345–46.

9 Jonathan Band, ‘British High Command During and After the Falklands Campaign’, in Stephen Badsey, Rob Havers and Mark Grove (eds), The Falklands Conflict Twenty Years on: Lessons for the Future (London: Frank Cass, 2005), pp. 34–35.

10 Prince, ‘British Command and Control in the Falklands Campaign’, p. 346.

11 Martin Edmonds, ‘Defense Management and the Impact of Jointery’, Defense Analysis (Vol. 14, No. 1, April 1998), pp. 22–24.

12 Prince, ‘British Command and Control in the Falklands Campaign’, p. 346.

13 Band, ‘British High Command During and After the Falklands Campaign’, p. 37.

14 Hew Strachan, ‘One War, Joint Warfare’, RUSI Journal (Vol. 154, No. 4, August 2009), p. 23.

15 Theo Farrell, ‘The Dynamics of British Military Transformation’, International Affairs (Vol. 84, No. 4, July 2008), p. 777.

16 Sten Rynning, ‘From Bottom-Up to Top-Down Transformation: Military Change in France’, Terry Terriff, Frans Osinga and Theo Farrell (eds), A Transformation Gap? American Innovations and European Military Change (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010), pp. 71–72.

17 Piero Ignazi, Giampiero Giacomello and Fabrizio Coticchia, Italian Military Operations Abroad: Just Don't Call it War (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 108.

18 Gordon Adams and Guy Ben-Ari, Transforming European Militaries: Coalition Operations and the Technology Gap (Oxford: Routledge, 2006), ch. 2.

19 A K Lal, Transformation of the Indian Armed Forces 2025: Enhancing India's Defence (New Delhi: Vij Books, 2012), p. 110.

20 Ali Ahmed, India's Doctrine Puzzle: Limiting War in South Asia (Routledge, 25 September 2014), p. 166.

21 Stephen P Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta, Arming without Aiming: India's Military Modernization (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010), p. 44.

22 Vinod Anand, ‘Integrating the Indian Military: Retrospect and Prospect’, Journal of Defence Studies (Vol. 2, No. 2, Winter 2008).

23 S K Sinha, ‘The Chief of Defence Staff’, Journal of Defence Studies (Vol. 1, No. 1, August 2007), p. 135.

24 Anit Mukherjee, Failing to Deliver: Post-Crises Defence Reforms in India, 1998–2010 (New Delhi: IDSA, 2011), pp. 28–30; Steven I Wilkinson, Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy since Independence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), p. 219; Anit Mukherjee, ‘Closing the Military Loop’, Indian Express, 1 April 2015.

25 ‘Defence Minister Parrikar Says Nation Needs Chief of Defence Staff’, India Today, 14 March 2015, <http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/manohar-parrikar-gen-bikram-singh-defence-ministry-chief-of-defence-staff-india-today-conclave/1/423782.html>.

26 Mukherjee, Failing to Deliver, p. 38; Vipin Narang, Nuclear Strategy in the Modern Era: Regional Powers and International Conflict: Regional Powers and International Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), p. 101.

27 Verghese Koithara, Managing India's Nuclear Forces (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2012), p. 189.

28 J J Singh, A Soldier's General: An Autobiography (New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers, 2012).

29 Vinod Anand, ‘Achieving Synergies in Defence’, Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis (IDSA), January 1994, <http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jan9-4.html>, accessed 22 October 2015.

30 David Brewster and Ranjit Rai, ‘Operation Lal Dora: India's Aborted Military Intervention in Mauritius’, Asian Security (Vol. 9, No. 1, March 2013), pp. 67–69.

31 John H Gill and David W Lamm, ‘The Indian Peace Keeping Force Experience and U.S. Stability Operations in the Twenty-First Century’, Sumit Ganguly and David P Fidler (eds), India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons Learned (London: Routledge, 2009), p. 177.

32 Patrick Bratton, ‘The Creation of Indian Integrated Commands: Organisational Learning and the Andaman and Nicobar Command’, Strategic Analysis (Vol. 36, No. 3, May 2012), p. 445.

33 Anit Mukherjee, ‘The Absent Dialogue’, Seminar, July 2009, <http://www.india-seminar.com/2009/599/599_anit_mukherjee.htm>, accessed 20 October 2015; Shashank Joshi, ‘The Coup-Proofing of India’, Survival (Vol. 57, No. 2, March 2015), pp. 199–200.

34 Eliot A Cohen, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime, 1^st ed. (New York, NY: Anchor Books, 2003), pp. 209–24; Hew Strachan, ‘Making Strategy: Civil–Military Relations after Iraq’, Survival (Vol. 48, No. 3, August 2006); Robert Egnell, ‘Explaining US and British Performance in Complex Expeditionary Operations: The Civil-Military Dimension’, Journal of Strategic Studies (Vol. 29, No. 6, December 2006).

35 V P Malik, India's Military Conflicts and Diplomacy: An Inside View of Decision Making (Noida, Uttar Pradesh: HarperCollins Publishers India, 2013), p. 52.

36 Andrew F Krepinevich, ‘Cavalry to Computer: The Pattern of Military Revolutions’, National Interest (No. 37, Fall 1994), p. 30; Michael Horowitz and Stephen Rosen, ‘Evolution or Revolution?’, Journal of Strategic Studies (Vol. 28, No. 3, June 2005).

37 Gross, ‘Libya and Mali Operations’, p. 11.

38 Ibid., pp. 5–6.

39 Scott Vickery, ‘Operation Inherent Resolve: An Interim Assessment’, Policywatch 2354, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, January 2015.

40 Peter Hille, ‘West African Forces Begin Mali Mission’, Deutsche Welle, 18 January 2013; Soufan Group, ‘TSG IntelBrief: UN Mission and ISR Support in Africa: A New Paradigm’, 4 December 2013, <http://soufangroup.com/tsg-intelbrief-un-mission-and-isr-support-in-africa-a-new-paradigm/>, accessed 22 October 2015.

41 For overviews, see Joseph Noronha, ‘Flying High: The Bright Future of India's Military UAVs’, Indian Defence Review (Vol. 29, No. 4, October–December 2014); Tekendra Parmar, ‘Drones in India’, Need to Know, Center for the Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania, 4 December 2014, <http://dronecenter.bard.edu/drones-in-india/>, accessed 22 October 2015; Guilem Monsonis, ‘UAVs Gaining Currency with Indian Armed Forces’, Indian Defence Review (March/April 2012).

42 Chethan Kumar, ‘Indian Air Force Plans for Wars of Future with a Separate UAV Cadre’, Times of India, 12 September 2015.

43 Jeremy Pressman, Warring Friends: Alliance Restraint in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012), pp. 114–16.

44 Neelam Mathews, ‘Indian Official Describes Latest AEW&C Plans’, Aviation International News, 27 March 2015, <http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-03-27/indian-official-describes-latest-aewc-plans>, accessed 22 October 2015.

45 SP's Aviation, ‘India Chooses Litening G4 for Combat Aircraft Fleet’, 10 February 2014, <http://www.spsmai.com/exclusive/?id=406&q=India-chooses-Litening-G4-for-combat-aircraft-fleet>, accessed 22 October 2015.

46 George Perkovich and Toby Dalton, ‘Modi's Strategic Choice: How to Respond to Terrorism from Pakistan’, Washington Quarterly (Vol. 38, No. 1, Spring 2015), pp. 39–40.

47 Benjamin Lambeth, Airpower at 18,000 ′: The Indian Air Force in the Kargil War (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 2012), pp. 19–20.

48 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), ‘SIPRI Arms Transfers Database 1950–2014’, n.d., <http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers>, accessed 20 October 2015; see also SP's Aviation, ‘India Chooses Litening G4 for Combat Aircraft Fleet’; Neelam Mathews, ‘Indian Air Force Mirage 2000 Upgrade Progresses Despite Groundings’, Aviation International News, 19 September 2014, <http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2014-09-19/indian-air-force-mirage-2000-upgrade-progresses-despite-groundings>, accessed 22 October 2015.

49 Ridzwan Rahmat, ‘Boeing Delivers Sixth P-8I Aircraft to Indian Navy’, IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, 26 November 2014.

50 Dave Sloggett, A Century of Air Warfare: The Changing Face of Warfare 1912–2012 (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2013), p. 42; Michael Napier, Blue Diamonds: The Exploits of 14 Squadron RAF 1945–2015 (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2015), p. 276.

51 Ankit Panda, ‘The Indian Army Wants 600 Mini Drones’, The Diplomat, 26 August 2015.

52 On the intelligence burden of similar operations in Somalia and Yemen, see The Intercept, ‘The Drone Papers’, 15 October 2015, <https://theintercept.com/drone-papers/>, accessed 22 October 2015; Declan Walsh, ‘Drone War Spurs Militants to Deadly Reprisals’, New York Times, 29 December 2012.

53 A useful summary can be found in Rudra Chaudhuri, ‘India’, in Robert Dover, Michael S Goodman and Claudia Hillebrand (eds), Routledge Companion to Intelligence Studies (Oxford: Routledge, 2013); other accounts include Asoka Raina, Inside R.A.W.: The Story of India's Secret Service (New Delhi: Vikas, 1981); Bruce Vaughn, ‘The Use and Abuse of Intelligence Services in India’, Intelligence and National Security (Vol. 8, No. 1, January 1993); Maloy Krishna Dhar, Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled (New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005); V K Singh, India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) (New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2007); B Raman, The Kaoboys of R&AW: Down Memory Lane (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers, 2008).

54 Dhruva Jaishankar, ‘Spies Who Remained in the Cold: India's External Intelligence Agencies’, unpublished manuscript, April 2015, p. 12.

55 Praveen Swami, ‘India's Spy Agencies More Toothless than Ever’, Indian Express, 1 December 2014.

56 Charu Sudan Kasturi, ‘Twin Versions on Mosul Puzzle Delhi’, The Telegraph [India], 23 June 2014.

57 Raman, The Kaoboys of R&AW, ch. 15.

58 Perkovich and Dalton, ‘Modi's Strategic Choice’, p. 28.

59 Malik, India's Military Conflicts and Diplomacy, p. 42.

60 Manan Kakkar, ‘India Investing $3.1 Billion in Defense Network, to Build Cyber Defense System’, ZDNet, 11 May 2012, <http://www.zdnet.com/article/india-investing-3-1-billion-in-defense-network-to-build-cyber-defense-system/>, accessed 22 October 2015; Indian Army, ‘The Corps of Signals’, n.d., <http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp2PMR7C.aspx?MnId=7P5GMzTXCQb3×1oia4w6rw==&ParentID=Pxdk70d4YithuiJiR2LsFw==>, accessed 22 October 2015.

61 Todd Harrison, ‘The Future of MILSATCOM’, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2013.

62 Jeremiah Gertler, ‘U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems’, Congressional Research Service, R42136, January 2012, p. 17.

63 Gross, ‘Libya and Mali Operations’, p. 11.

64 Alastair Finlan, ‘British Special Forces and the Falklands Conflict: Twenty Years on’, Defense and Security Analysis (Vol. 18, No. 4, December 2002), p. 322.

65 Pramod K Mehra, ‘The Indian Air Force of Tomorrow’, in Rajesh Basrur, Ajaya Kumar Das, and Manjeet Singh Pardesi (eds), India's Military Modernization: Challenges and Prospects (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 74.

66 Arjun Subramaniam, ‘The Strategic Role of Airpower: An Indian Perspective on How We Need to Think, Train, and Fight in the Coming Years’, Air and Space Power Journal (Vol. 22, No. 3, Fall 2008).

67 Press Information Bureau, Government of India, ‘Special Cell Set Up to Counter Growing Threat to Space Assets’, media release, 10 June 2008, <http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=39503>, accessed 22 October 2015.

68 Dilip Kumar Mekala, ‘Eyes in the Sky’, Force, February 2015.

69 Ajay Lele, ‘India Launches Radar Satellite’, Comment, IDSA, 27 April 2012, <http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiaLaunchesRadarSatellite_alele_270412.html>, accessed 22 October 2015.

70 eoPortal, ‘RISAT-2 (Radar Imaging Satellite-2)’, n.d., <https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/r/risat-2>, accessed 22 October 2015.

71 The Hindu, ‘GSAT-7: India's First Military Satellite Launched Successfully’, 30 August 2013; Arianespace, ‘A Satellite Launch for Telecommuications in the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia and India’, n.d., <http://www.arianespace.com/images/launch-kits/launch-kit-pdf-eng/VA215-Eutelsat25B-EShail1-GSAT7-GB.pdf>, accessed 22 October 2015.

72 The Hindu, ‘Space, Cyber Joint Command Taking Shape: IAF Chief’, 30 November 2014.

73 Ranjit Rai, ‘Indian Navy: A C4ISR Nuclear Force’, India Strategic, August 2010.

74 Saurav Jha, ‘India's Armed Drone Fleet’, The Diplomat, 25 June 2015.

75 The Hindu, ‘ISRO Gears Up to Launch IRNSS 1D’, 6 January 2015; Vijainder K Thakur, ‘Space: The New Battle Zone’, Indian Defence Review (Vol. 30, No. 2, April–June 2015).

76 Rai, ‘Indian Navy’.

77 Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, ‘The Growing Case for an Indian Space Policy’, Brookings India Impact Series, Brookings Institution, May 2015.

78 Rajat Pandit, ‘Modi Government Gets Cracking on Three New Tri-Service Commands’, Economic Times, 20 August 2015.

79 Nicholas Schmidle, ‘Getting Bin Laden’, New Yorker, 8 August 2011.

80 P C Katoch and Saikat Datta, India's Special Forces: History and Future of Indian Special Forces (New Delhi: Vij Books/United Service Institution, 2013), ch. 6.

81 Jonah Blank, Jennifer D. P. Moroney, Angel Rabasa, and Bonny Lin, Look East, Cross Black Waters: India's Interest in Southeast Asia (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2015), p. 20.

82 Perkovich and Dalton, ‘Modi's Strategic Choice’, p. 42.

83 Rajat Pandit, ‘Para-Special Forces Get Two New Battalions’, Times of India, 17 August 2014.

84 Praveen Swami, ‘How MEA Helped Army Set Stage for Strike in Myanmar’, Indian Express, 11 June 2015.

85 Praveen Swami, ‘Myanmar Strike: Seven Dead Bodies Recovered, Less than a Dozen Injured, Say Official Sources’, Indian Express, 12 June 2015.

86 Praveen Swami, ‘A New Toolkit: For Talks to Succeed, India Needs to Tackle Pak's Covert War’, Indian Express, 14 August 2015.

87 Robert E Harkavy, Strategic Basing and the Great Powers, 1200–2000 (London: Routledge, 2007), p. 1.

88 Ely Ratner et al., ‘More Willing and Able: Charting China's International Security Activism’, Center for a New American Security, May 2015, pp. 59–60, 65.

89 Daniel J Kostecka, ‘Places and Bases: The Chinese Navy's Emerging Support Network in the Indian Ocean’, Naval War College Review (Vol. 64, No. 1, Winter 2011), p. 60.

90 Rahul Bedi, ‘India and Central Asia’, Frontline (Vol. 19, No. 19, September 2002); Matthieu Aikins, ‘India in Afghanistan’, The Caravan, 1 October 2010.

91 Jyoti Malhotra, ‘Second Chance in Asia's Cockpit’, The Hindu, 20 July 2012; Evirupa Mitra, ‘Eye on China, PM Cosies Up to Tajikistan’, New Indian Express, 28 June 2015.

92 Joshua Kucera, ‘The White Elephant in Tajikistan’, The Caravan, 1 November 2010; Economic Times, ‘IAF Rejects “Extravagant” HAL Basic Trainer Aircraft Project’, 4 October 2013; Vijay Shukla, ‘Antony Non-Committal on Ayni Air Base in Tajikistan’, Outlook, 5 October 2011; Press Trust of India, ‘India, Tajikistan to Step up Counter-Terrorism Cooperation’, Business Standard, 11 September 2014.

93 Shiv Aroor, ‘India's Base at Ayni, Tajikistan’, Livefistdefence.com, 21 July 2007, <http://www.livefistdefence.com/2007/07/indias-base-at-ayni-tajikistan.html>, accessed 22 October 2015; Sandeep Unnithan, ‘PM Modi to Ask Tajikistan for Lease of Ex-Soviet Airbase’, India Today, 12 July 2015.

94 David Scott, ‘India's Aspirations and Strategy for the Indian Ocean – Securing the Waves?’, Journal of Strategic Studies (Vol. 36, No. 4, February 2013), p. 11; Oscar Nkala, ‘India Developing Network of Coastal Radars’, Defense News, 10 March 2015, <http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/naval/2015/03/20/india-seychelles-coastal-radar-china-modi-indian-ocean/25084237/>, accessed 22 October 2015. Political changes in Sri Lanka and the Maldives have complicated the progress of the coastal surveillance radar in those places.

95 V Balachandran, ‘Presence in South China Sea will be a Misadventure’, Sunday Guardian, 24 July 2011.

96 David Brewster, India's Ocean: The Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership (London: Routledge, 2014), p. 112.

97 David Brewster, ‘An Indian Sphere of Influence in the Indian Ocean?’, Security Challenges (Vol. 6, No. 3, Spring 2010), p. 11.

98 Dutta, ‘Revived: Plan to Give Access to Bases’.

99 Heidenkamp, Louth and Taylor, The Defence Industrial Triptych, pp. 153–54.

100 Sunil Dasgupta, ‘India: The New Militaries’, in Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), pp. 96–97.

101 Rajesh Rajagopalan, ‘“Restoring Normalcy”: The Evolution of the Indian Army's Counterinsurgency Doctrine’, Small Wars and Insurgencies (Vol. 11, No. 1, 2000), p. 44.

102 Ibid., pp. 58–65.

103 Rajesh Kadian, India's Sri Lanka Fiasco: Peace Keepers at War (New Dehli/Bombay: Vision Books, 1990), p. 130.

104 Ashok K Mehta, ‘India's Counterinsurgency Campaign in Sri Lanka’, in Sumit Ganguly and David P Fidler (eds), India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons Learned (London: Routledge, 2009), p. 170.

105 Anit Mukherjee, ‘India's Experiences with Insurgency and Counterinsurgency’, in Sumit Ganguly, Andrew Scobell and Joseph Chinyong Liow (eds), Handbook of Asian Security Studies (Oxford: Routledge, 2009), pp. 146–47.

106 The Military Balance 2013, ‘Reforming India's Defence Industries’ (Vol. 110, No. 1, February 2010), pp. 473–75.

107 Sushant Singh, ‘Indigenous Production: Self-Reliance, the Best Defence’, Indian Express, 13 October 2015.

108 Ashley J Tellis, ‘Beyond Buyer-Seller’, Force, August 2015, p. 10.

109 Jon Grevatt, ‘India Reports Increase in Private Sector Defence Licences’, IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, 5 July 2015; Economic Times, ‘Manohar Parrikar: Private Defence Sector at a Nascent Stage; Welcome Foreign Companies to “Make in India”’, 21 May 2015.

110 Jerome M Conley, Indo-Russian Military and Nuclear Cooperation: Lessons and Options for U.S. Policy in South Asia (Oxford: Lexington Books, 2001), p. 75.

111 Shantanu Chakrabarti, ‘Growth and Implications of Private Military Corporations’, Journal Of Defence Studies (Vol. 2, No. 1, Summer 2008).