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Notes
1 ADP Land Operations, pp. 11–12.
2 See British Army, ‘ATC Pirbright’, <https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-schools-and-colleges/atc-pirbright/>, accessed 5 July 2020.
3 See British Army, ‘ITC Catterick’, <https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-schools-and-colleges/itc-catterick/>, accessed 5 July 2020.
4 Milton, Churchill’s Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare.
5 Janovsky, ‘Seven Years of War’.
6 Watling and Shabibi, ‘Defining Remote Warfare’, pp. 9–14.
7 Renad Mansour, ‘From Militia to State Force: The Transformation of al-Hashd al-Shaabi’, Diwan, Carnegie Middle East Center, 16 November 2015; Jack Watling, ‘The Shia Militias of Iraq’, The Atlantic, 22 December 2016.
8 Anthony Cordesman, ‘The State of the Fighting in the Afghan War in Mid-2019’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 13 August 2019; TNA, WO 106/1272, Knox, 29 July 1919; TNA, WO 106/1308, Eliot, Omsk, 21 June 1919; TNA, WO 106/1159, Hoare to DMO, DMI, 10 August 1919.
9 Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 9.
10 Peter Mansoor and Williamson Murray (eds), The Culture of Military Organization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), pp. 17–32.
11 This was presciently noted by some press observers long before the rot led to collapse. See Maria Fantappie, ‘Maliki's Strength Grows with the Help of a Politicised Army’, The National, 8 January 2012.
12 Witty, ‘The Iraqi Counterterrorism Service’.
13 TNA, FCO 8/1426, ‘Political Developments in Muscat and Oman Following Successful Coup D'État'.
14 Lisa Allen, ‘The Surge in “Green-on-Blue” Attacks in Afghanistan’, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis (Vol. 4, No. 11, 2012), pp. 7–9.
15 Fox, ‘In Pursuit of a General Theory of Proxy Warfare’, p. 14.
16 Joint Chiefs of Staff, ‘Foreign Internal Defence’, Joint Publication 3-22, 17 August 2018, p. xxiv.
17 Fox, ‘In Pursuit of a General Theory of Proxy Warfare’, p. 14.
18 David Halberstram, The Best and Brightest (New York, NY: Random House, 1992), p. 213.
19 David Sterman, ‘What Drove the War's Snapback in Iraq and Syria?’, in David Sterman, ‘Decision-Making in the Counter-ISIS War: Assessing the Role of Preventive War Logic’, New America, November 2019.
20 MoD and FCO, ‘UK’s International Defence Engagement Strategy’, p. 17.
21 ADP Land Operations, pp. 11–12.
22 Hastings, Vietnam, pp. 18–38.
23 Ibid., pp. 57–81.
24 James Wilbanks, Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost its War (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004).
25 Stephen Hosmer, Konrad Kellen and Brian Jenkins, The Fall of South Vietnam: Statements by Vietnamese Military and Civilian Leaders (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1978).
26 Jonathan B A Bailey, ‘Contemporary Operations: Reflections on and of Empire’, IDA Paper P-4198, Institute for Defense Analysis, 2007, p. 19.
27 Aldrich and Cormac, The Black Door, pp. 247–54.
28 TNA, FCO 8/1426, ‘Political Developments in Muscat and Oman Following Successful Coup d'État'.
29 Spencer Mawby, The End of Empire in Uganda: Decolonization and Institutional Conflict, 1945–1979 (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020).
30 Phares Mutibwa, Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes (London: Hurst & Co, 1992), pp. 40–57.
31 Jahara Matisek and William Reno, ‘Getting American Security Force Assistance Right: Political Context Matters’, Joint Force Quarterly (Vol. 92, 2019), p. 69.
32 Collier, The Bottom Billion, pp. 131–33.
33 Matisek and Reno, ‘Getting American Security Force Assistance Right’, pp. 68–71.
34 Ibid.
35 Neil Faulkner, Lawrence of Arabia's War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the Middle East in WWI (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), pp. 222–23.
36 Matisek and Reno, ‘Getting American Security Force Assistance Right’, pp. 68–69.
37 Fox, ‘In Pursuit of a General Theory of Proxy Warfare’, pp. 11–14.
38 Ibid., pp. 5, 9–14.
39 Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 170–204.
40 CCC, CHAR 16/7, ‘Churchill to Bonar Law’, 21 May 1919.
41 TNA, CAB 24/84, ‘Letter Received by George Barnes’, 15 July 1919.
42 Coll, Directorate S, pp. 494–512; interview by Jack Watling with senior Pakistani officer, November 2018.
43 Frederick Anscombe, State, Faith and Nation in Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Lands (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 209–10.
44 Julian Barnes and Eric Schmitt, ‘Trump Orders Withdrawal of U.S. Troops from Northern Syria’, New York Times, 13 October 2019.
45 Interview by Jack Watling with senior US diplomat.
46 Katrina Manson, ‘US Warns Kurdistan Over Independence Referendum’, Financial Times, 21 September 2017.
47 David Ignatius, ‘Trump’s Betrayal of the Kurds is Sickening to US Soldiers’, Washington Post, 14 October 2019.
48 Alexandra Stark, ‘How the United States Can Escape the Middle East’s Proxy Wars’, Geopoliticus, Foreign Policy Research Institute, 22 October 2019.