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Notes
1. A recent example being the on-line computer fraud perpetrated in the UK in November 2016. “Tesco Bank: 20,000 customers lose money,” BBC News, 7 November 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37891742 (accessed 7 November 2016). The report noted that ‘Tesco Bank has halted online payments for current account customers after money was taken from 20,000 accounts’.
2. Alan Turing (1912–1954), who tragically committed suicide aged only 41, is widely regarded as the father of theoretical Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
3. Donald Michie (1923–2007) worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, working on ‘Tunny’, a German teleprinter cipher. Jack I. Good (1916–2009) was a cryptologist who also worked at the GC&CS. Both men enjoyed long and prestigious post-war careers. After 1945, Michie studied at Balliol College, Oxford University and, in 1960, developed the Machine Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine (MENACE), one of the first programs capable of learning to play a perfect game of Tic-Tac-Toe. In 1965, he was the founding director of the University of Edinburgh’s Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception (previously the Experimental Programming Unit). After the war Good worked with Turing at Manchester University, at GCHQ, and then for IBM and at Princeton University in the United States.
4. “Sir John Scarlett KCMG OBE, Chairman,” http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/content/about/BPTrust/SirJohnScarlett.rhtm (accessed 5 November 2016).
5. “National Museum of Computing” http://www.tnmoc.org/ (accessed 5 November 2016).
6. A one-time pad (OTP) is a crypto algorithm where plaintext is combined with a random key. It remains the only mathematically unbreakable encryption.