Abstract
The late Zimbabwean author Yvonne Vera puts material culture to use throughout her published fiction. Her engagement with the physical stuff that enters her writing reflects less the current wave of political craft scholarship and perhaps more an opportunity to work with the beauty of details provided both by the horrific and the everyday. This article argues that the descriptions Yvonne Vera offers us of her own writing process shed light on her work as a practitioner – a practitioner of the craft of writing – an emphasis often overlooked in studies more national or political in focus. Overall, the article is interested in acknowledging the less predictable nature of the creative process, which in Vera's case sought inspiration through attention to material culture, a process often described by Vera as an embodied, consuming search.
I would not write if I weren’t in search of beauty, if I was doing it only to advance a cause. I care deeply about my subjects, but I want to be consumed by figures of beauty, by story and character. It must be about perfection. Like a basket-maker or a weaver or a hair-plaiter, you are aware of what you are trying to accomplish from the first sentence. I must be able to taste the words on my tongue.
Previous engagement with material culture in Yvonne Vera’s writing includes Jane Bryce’s focus on the photograph and film techniques (2002); Sarah Nuttall’s consideration of the township and city as assemblage (2005); Sarah Kastner’s attention to the role of the archivist and overlaps between Vera’s fiction and her curatorial work at the National Gallery, Bulawayo (2018). Most recently, events organised by Nontsikelelo Mutiti and Tinashe Mushakavanhu as part of the 1–54 Contemporary African Art Fair in New York took Yvonne Vera’s short story ‘Why Don’t You Carve Other Animals?’ as their inspiration, acknowledging in their curatorial statement for the event that:
the representational strategies and ideologies that Vera was questioning were, however, not limited to those of colonialism. She was concerned with subverting the hierarchies that have become institutionalised in the art world, taking a position to celebrate and elevate everyday experiences and forms. (Mutiti and Mushakavanhu np)
characterisation throughout the novella as a desiring subject with a ‘profound belief in her own reality’ unsettles a culture of reception in which the reader is positioned to claim a kind of mastery over the life narrative presented. (Kastner, ‘A (Re)turn’ 12)
Attention to historical and political readings of Vera’s writing tend to overlook her voice heard in interview transcripts. In her extensive study of Zimbabwean literature, Ranka Primorac observes
in the field of Zimbabwean literary studies, the critical tendency towards the weakening of the two kinds of boundaries – the textual and the intra-textual – has gone hand in hand not only with the decline in the historical and social contextualisation of texts, but also with the concept of local literary intertextual links between texts and different writers. (The Place of Tears 45)
Speaking in an interview with Catherine Hobbs about her work assembling the Yvonne Vera and John José fonds, Sarah Kastner explains the similar challenge she faced in her early efforts to organise the archive.
Determining distinct fonds and making title choices and series arrangements all try to stabilize authorial intentions, and in the case of Yvonne Vera, these stabilizations are difficult to reconcile with her notion of memory, as expressed both directly and indirectly, in her writing: ‘Memory for me is the act of writing itself.’ (Hobbs and Kastner np)
In stark contrast to Hobbs and Kastner’s interest in archival alternatives that respect and celebrate Vera’s creative mind, Charles R Larson offers a dangerously small reading of what creativity entails when, after learning that Vera was HIV-positive, he rereads her writing for biographical clues. In his obituary published in Wasafiri several years after Vera’s death, Larson writes, ‘I cannot help concluding, however, that when Yvonne Vera delivered her address she was articulating a plea for help. I, for one, failed to realise what she needed’ (5). Larson’s patronising insight clashes with my personal experience of hearing Yvonne Vera speak in May of 2003 at the ‘Versions and Subversions in African Literatures’ conference at Humboldt University, Berlin. At the conference an audience member asked Vera how much personal biography informed her work. Her ironic response confirmed the impossible: yes, she had died all these deaths. A similar response is recorded by Primorac in her interview with Vera,
And often people believe these things have happened to me. And then I say to them, look, I couldn’t have been the victim of incest, killed my child, had an abortion, been a spirit medium, committed suicide, and still be talking to you. (‘The Place’ 160)
The historian Terrance Ranger similarly acknowledges the distance between Vera’s fiction and an autobiographical reading when he writes,
The contrast [to Zimbabwean author Shimmer Chinodya] with Vera is striking. In her books she imagines things that have happened to other people but not to herself — incest, the death of a baby, abortion, suicide. (‘The Fruits’ 699)
Holding up the signs without closing off interpretation or assuming a clear, causal relation between her HIV-positive diagnosis and her writing habits, means resisting readings that collapse her physical body with her body of work in such a way that her writing becomes a series of clues to be symptomatically mined by literary scholars. (‘Only Words’ 216)
It was a period of anticipation rather than action, so it gave me the chance to concentrate on the everyday aspects of people’s development without having to embroil the plot in politics. (qtd. in Anon, ‘Fuelling’)
Heeding Kastner’s warning, I also hear other versions of expectation in email correspondence between Ranger and Vera in the year before she died. In response to the manuscript she was writing at the time of her death, provisionally titled Obedience, Ranger writes:
Here, as in the rest of my comments, you must remember that I am only a historian and not a literary critic. I do not have Irene’s [Staunton, publisher of Baobab Books] gifts and skills. So maybe the symbols of the birds and the bridges remain with sensitive readers and don’t need any explanation.
Maybe these questions arise because I expect – wanted, I suppose – the book to be more ‘political’ than it is! (Ranger, Email)
WRITING LIFE
In interviews and lectures Vera repeatedly articulated her embodied experience of writing. For her lecture at the Indaba 2000 in Harare she began by referring to one of few stories in which she does refer to her own body, ‘Writing Near the Bone’:
I often state that I learnt to write by scrawling the surface of my body with matchsticks and fingernails till I bled. I wrote my name and my hopes down, then a few mistruths. I felt free. Then histories intruded. (Vera, ‘The Writer’s Place’ 25)
A writer’s world, finally, is an invented one, even when seeming true, even when the backdrop is familiar or its characters. For me it must be a vision of beauty even in the worst ugliness. Finally, in any time and circumstance, the writer celebrates phrase, metaphor, image, paragraph. (‘The Writer’s Place’ 29)
Speaking in an interview with Jane Bryce, Vera explains:
I’ve always been visually oriented, and before I worked at the National Gallery, perhaps my larger influence was film, and how images are prepared, constructed and made to move. I also have a strong leaning towards photography. (Bryce 219)
This moment, frozen like that, is so powerful that I can’t lose sight of it, visually or emotionally. From it I develop the whole story, the whole novel: how do we get to this moment when the mother does this? Everything ripples around that, the story grows out of the image. I don’t even have the story at the beginning, I have only this cataclysmic moment, this shocking, painful moment, at once familiar and horrifying because of one change of detail which makes everything else tragic. For me, an entire history is contained in such a moment. (Bryce 219)
Sometimes it should almost appear incidental, as you are writing, that you have a high moral thing … You are not particularly an activist, as a writer, you have an aesthetic that is primary. (Verkis 13)
In Primorac’s interview with Vera she searches for other concrete intentions in Vera’s writing, but is instead met with evocative descriptions of the embodied feeling of the creative writing process:
RP: So to go back to the question of readers. Do you think about ‘here’ and ‘there’? Are you aware of any doubleness, thinking, there is a need for me to say things to Zimbabweans about Zimbabwe, but it’ll also be heard outside?
YV: No. My first commitment is to the act of writing. Especially finding a voice for a particular story. And once I have it, I’m so liberated and excited that I’m not considering the audience. I’m considering the characters, the story, the voice I found, the language I found. When it’s finished, I always think a book will find its audience. (‘The Place’ 164)
Vera dwells on her craft — the experience of being in the making of writing as a primary concern. Primorac goes on to remark, ‘You sound like [Dambudzo] Marechera’, to which Vera responds again with descriptions of how the action of writing makes her feel:
Do I? I don’t know. I’ve only met him once for two minutes, in ‘87. And I’m glad for that meeting. But I think I miss him — Marechera, who I don’t know. Because I think he would have understood why we write. The pursuit, you know, of writing. How your heart beats as you write. How it should beat. You must feel it, you know. You must feel it and experience it as something which transforms you. I always feel, with each paragraph that I write, I have to be at a new threshold. Either in my own mental state, or in the voice and the language, in what I have discovered about the character, about the moment, about the art of writing, the act of writing. Paragraph by paragraph. I feel transformed. And I always feel at the end of the day, when I manage to write, I panic, my heart beats, and I think, if I had not written today, I would not be where I am right now, right now, this moment. But people don’t know that, you know. They just read, sometimes, and they just know a theme, they think everything is in advance, you know, of the act … But it isn’t. (165)
Rather than tracing a literary lineage in Vera’s work as Primorac research provides, Kastner has observed that the narrative Vera builds for her last published novel The Stone Virgins (2002) and her curatorial work at the National Gallery in Bulawayo share much in common. Kastner concludes that ‘the gallery space acted as an extension of the textual space of her novel The Stone Virgins, written concomitantly’ (‘A (Re)turn’ 32). For example, the ‘Thatha Camera’ exhibition, curated by Vera and exhibited during 1999 and 2000, invited the public to bring their own photographs of Bulawayo to the gallery for display. Reviews were positive (see Banafa; Anon, ‘Exhibition’; Anon, ‘Fuelling’; Pambili; Toni; Moyo) and the exhibition run was extended significantly due to public interest.
Despite economic hardship, Vera referred to the considerable creative fulfilment she felt during this period (see Beauchemin). But amongst the acclaim, one review raises the criticism that:
while it is useful to see the photographs as an expression of ‘desire’, township life of the 1960s and the 1970s tends to be romanticised … the photographs’ expression of ‘desire’ lacks historical placing … no information is given on the practice of photography. (Schmidt 267–69)
Vera’s curatorial eye is of interest when considering the fiction she wrote because it is often physical objects that assist her characters’ comprehension of events around them. For example, in an interview with Eva Hunter in March of 1998, Vera describes the development of the character we will meet as Phephelaphi in Butterfly Burning:
Right now I am writing about a character who cannot believe in things until she’s got an object. So when somebody throws a brick through her window, she takes it and she keeps it under her bed and she touches the brick quite often and then she can believe that somebody threw it through her window. (Hunter 84)
Phephelaphi pulled the stone toward her and held it. It has not been broken though it had been flung through the window and straight on to the opposite wall, then back to the bed where she lay. Only one edge of it was chipped. The events she remembered were true. Here was the object; and the time … She had picked the stone from the bed where it had fallen and carefully turned it in her hand … The darkness made her doubt each detail. A portion of her mind rejected the broken glass, as in a way it rejected the child she was expecting. (Vera, Butterfly 94)
Finding something physical is how Vera ends her last published work, The Stone Virgins (2002) with Cephas, a character who ‘works for the archives of the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe’ (163). In the closing lines of the novel Vera writes:
He [Cephas] must retreat from Nonceba, perhaps he has become too involved in replicating histories. He should stick to restorations of ancient kingdoms, circular structures, bee-hive huts, stone knives, broken pottery, herringbone walls, the vanished pillars in an old world. A new nation needs to restore its past. His focus, the bee-hive hut, to be installed at Lobengula’s ancient kraal in kwoBulawayo the following year. His task is to learn to recreate the manner in which the tenderest branches bend, meet, and dry, the way grass folds smoothly over this frame and weaves a nest, the way it protects the cool livable places within; deliverance. (165)
In an audio interview describing the months prior to her departure from the National Gallery in Bulawayo in 2003, Vera describes her need to remain physically connected to her surroundings. Echoing her earlier observation that ‘sometimes we need to go back and find something physical’, she explains:
I have to see and to sense memorable and tangible things that come to you as you observe people. And the pain that you harbour as you watch them, as you participate in a life with them … as a writer it is my role to absorb and to synthesise those experiences that are at the ground. (Beauchemin np)
There should be no prescriptions for artists. I would never be one to say artists should say this or that or do this or that … I remember Marechera saying I want the maximum space around my typewriter, maximum space, you know. An artist must be given that liberty to explore whatever subject they wish no matter what the times are. So, I simply think that sometimes you cannot escape the times you are living in and that percolates into your work. And I have, you know, written about things that have happened in Zimbabwe, like the book called The Stone Virgins, not because I thought it was my task to do so, but because I felt a deep inspiration to do so. (Beauchemin np)
SOAPSTONE BIRDS
It is these experiences at the ground – physical anchors to ‘important and violent events’ – that Vera is writing in Obedience, her final work incomplete at the time of her death in 2005. Multiple drafts of the manuscript are held in the Clara Thomas archives and while the work is unfinished, one scene reads as particularly complete. Over a handful of pages Vera describes the ruins of the Great Zimbabwe, today an abandoned site of creativity. She lists the former inhabitants as ‘artisans, sculptors, woodcarvers, stonemasons, weavers and potters’ (Obedience manuscript) — a list striking in its shared attention to material culture and craft as the closing paragraph of The Stone Virgins. In selecting the Great Zimbabwe, Vera is writing about a tangible site known to have contained a vast range of material culture, but a site fraught with varied and unresolved professional opinions about its history and meaning (see Beach).
In response to the descriptions of craft in Obedience, Kastner suggests that Vera is working to celebrate other forms of knowledge:
Vera suggests that the resurrection of the past is more than reclaiming territory by re-possessing and nationalizing land and resources, and that instead it could be about reclaiming greatness of another more intangible, creative nature. (‘Writing Against’ 11)
They take gold bracelets and anklets and place them beneath rock, they take thousands of glass beads and cast them in all directions of the wind: they challenge memory. Glass beads? Were they traders? (Obedience manuscript np)
Vera describes her own fascination with other creative mind(s) of the past, writing of the soapstone birds (which appear on Zimbabwe’s post-independence insignia ranging from coins to the national flag) as ‘the trace of a human being enraptured by the notion of flight’ and speculating that a miner too had tried to imagine the sculptor of these birds:
Who was he? Soft, slippery, the touch of soapstone held against his skin. He tries to imagine the state of mind of a man who made over one hundred and fifty birds, and buried them, one by one. He looks about him; searches for footsteps of a dead man. He feels delirious. (Obedience manuscript np)
The thumb-sized birds he clutches with awe seem to have left his custody and pitched on the rim of the outer wall of the enclosure. They now squat above him, enlarged. … There are soap stone monoliths all over the wall, even these, by their height alone, feel portentous. (Obedience manuscript np)
The fact that the actual number of large soapstone birds remains unresolved by scholarship (Matenga, ‘The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe: Archaeological’ 100) sits well with Vera’s desire to move and morph the birds, to use material culture as inspiration, but also a challenge, to memory. Vera captures the crude moment when the top of one soapstone carving is broken away: ‘Finding the bird too heavy to carry the miner breaks off the column and discards it. He is a practical man, after all’ (Obedience manuscript np). History attributes the removal of the first soapstone bird to Willie Posselt, a hunter and trader rather than a miner, who acquired the sculpture from Great Zimbabwe in 1889 (Matenga, ‘The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe: Archaeological’ 70) and later sold it to Cecil Rhodes where it remains today in the private collection of the Groote Schuur estate (72).
Today all but one of the known soapstone birds have returned to the Great Zimbabwe, but not without controversy. A Belgian exhibition in 1998 temporarily brought together the top half of one bird held by Zimbabwe with the matching column held by a museum in Berlin and ‘the handover by Germany to Zimbabwe in 2003, of a half Zimbabwe bird that had been kept in Europe for more than a century’ (Matenga, ‘The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe: Archaeological’ 22) presumably occurred while Vera was working on the Obedience manuscript. Zimbabwean film-maker and author Tsitsi Dangarembga, with Olaf Koschke, created for German television in 1998 Zimbabwe Birds and Koschke credits their interview with the German Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz as prompting the recorded statement which began negotiations around the return of the lower fragment. While the fragment became a permanent loan to Zimbabwe National Museums and Monuments several years later (Koschke), the gesture was marred for some by Mugabe’s use of the object for nationalist rhetoric (Kastner, Email).
When Vera chose to give flight to the soapstone birds, she was continuing a line of thinking present throughout her writing, but perhaps clearest in the closing passages of her previous novel The Stone Virgins. From recreating the beehive huts, she imbues the soapstone birds with flight. Her writing about the Great Zimbabwe is arguably another example of her instinct to inspire her creative process through material culture, to provide as she described Phephelaphi’s need for ‘evidence of the senses’ (Hunter 84), but she chose strikingly precarious objects in the fraught and contested history of the soapstone birds.
CONCLUSION
At the outset of this writing, I acknowledged my debt to Sarah Kastner’s treatment of the Yvonne Vera and John José fonds and by extension Vera’s fiction as intentionally unstable. Rather than a frustration I can now see – and marvel – at the instability Vera’s choice of material culture in Obedience hoped to offer the reader. The complex Yvonne Vera and John José fonds are now another form of material culture through which the legacy of Yvonne Vera’s writing has been made available to the public. But following Kastner’s reading of Under the Tongue, which ‘unsettles a culture of reception in which the reader is positioned to claim a kind of mastery over the life narrative presented’ (‘Only Words’ 224), I remain acutely aware that my efforts to trace the inspiration material culture provided Vera’s writing may smack of yet another attempt at mastery.
If one of the marvels of Vera’s writing is her ability to bestow beauty on circumstances of horrific violence, her recourse to material culture may have supported her construction of such scenes with unusual dignity. Speaking of Butterfly Burning during her interview with Hunter, Vera explains:
Now that you’ve asked me about memory and truth, I realise that that is what is going on with my current character and that is what goes on generally, though not with such an elaborate intention, when we actually keep objects. But when it comes to very important and violent events, I think sometimes we do need to go back and find something physical. (84)
Notes
1 Fonds are archived documents grouped according to shared origin that may reflect daily life.
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