Ageing of the Population: Good News for Cities

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the International Center for Economic Research (Turin, Italy), and Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Cuneo (Cuneo, Italy) for their support of our work on this project.

Notes

¹ ‘The 2005 projections of age-related expenditure (2004–2005) for the EU-25 Member States: underlying assumptions and projection methodologies’, European Economy, Special Report No. 4/2005, p. 68. This figure is only a rough indicator: some measurements take the 65 and older population to the 20–64 age group, while others use the working population. These figures are affected by differing labor participation rates and the assumptions made about them in future years.

² L. H. Klaasen and J. A. Van der Vlist, ‘Senior citizens: A burden?,’ De Economist, Vol. 138, No. 3, pp. 302–320.

³ ‘Dramatic Changes in U.S. Aging Highlighted in New Census, HIH Report,’ Washington: Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau, March 9, 2006, pp. 1 and 2. For the original report see: 65+ in the United States: 2005, Washington: Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau, December, 2005.

⁴ Muller W. and Wolbers, M. H. J., ‘Educational Attainment in the European Union: Recent Trends in Qualification Patterns’, in Muller W. and Gangl M. ‘Transitions from Education to Work in Europe. The Integration of Youth into EU Labour Markets’, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 23–62.

⁵ Gemeente Rotterdam, Rotterdam Urban Vision. Spatial Development Strategy 2030, Rotterdam, November 2007

⁶ Abby Ellin, ‘No More Knitting. Older Students Want Enlightenment,’ The New York Times, November 11, 2006, p. B1.

⁷ Search for ALLLE on: www.eurocities.org.

⁸ Peter Maskell and Gunnar Tönquist, Building a Cross-Border Learning Region, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press, 2001.

⁹ <http://www.birmingham.gov.uk>

¹⁰ Peter Karl Kresl and Balwant Singh, ‘Competitiveness and the urban economy: twenty-four large US metropolitan areas,’ Urban Studies, vol. 36, Nos. 5–6, 1999, pp. 1017–27.

¹¹ The Arts as an Industry: Their Economic Importance to the New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Region, The Port Authority of NY and NJ, October 1993.

¹² For the impacts on one US city see: Arts & Economic Prosperity III: The Economic Impact of Non-profit Arts and Culture Organizations and Their Audiences in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, Americans for the Arts, 2007.

¹³ Bonnie Nichols, ‘Demographic Characteristics of Arts Attendance, 2002,’ Washington: The National Endowment for the Arts, The Nancy Hanks Center, Note #82, July 2003, p. 3.

¹⁴ 2002 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts, Washington: National Endowment for the Arts, Research Division Report #45, March 2004, ch. 3.

¹⁵ INSEE–Institut National de la Statistique et des études économiques (2006), ‘Enquete Budget de famille 2006’, Insee Résultats, n. 73, http://www.insee.fr

¹⁶ For example, see: Michele Arney, Year End Report of Attendance and Visitor Experience, Fiscal Year 2006–2007, Milwaukee: Milwaukee Art Museum, October 2007.

¹⁷ Camera di Commercio di Milano and Comune di Milano, Indagine sui consumi delle famiglie, http://www.milano.consumi.info/