Nagumoea hydrophicola sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta), the first diatom species described from sea snakes

Abstract

Although diatoms colonize a vast diversity of immersed hard-surfaced objects and organisms, many diatom species, and sometimes entire genera, show a clear preference towards a particular type of substratum. Studies of animal-associated diatoms indicate that some epizoic forms may require this specific habitat to thrive, and new diatom taxa are expected to be found on as yet unexplored animal hosts. The current study is the first to investigate the diatom flora of sea snakes. Three museum specimens of yellow-bellied sea snakes (Hydrophis platurus) collected over a period of 23 years from the south-eastern coast of South Africa were examined for their diatom flora. Diatoms were abundant on the sea snakes, but communities were composed of only a few species. A previously undescribed species of Nagumoea contributed over 99% of the total diatom assemblage on both the sea snake skin and sea-snake-associated barnacles (Octolasmis sp.). This diatom dominant is described here as Nagumoea hydrophicola sp. nov., based on detailed observations of its frustule ultrastructure using light and scanning electron microscopy. The species is most similar to N. serrata, sharing a similar valvocopula morphology with two rows of pores. However, it can be distinguished from all currently known congeners by its lanceolate central area, short distal raphe endings not reaching the valve mantle, and doubly perforated abvalvar girdle bands. Environmental preferences of the new species are discussed in the context of its host’s biology.

Keywords:

• marine diatom
• epizoic
• yellow-bellied sea snake
• Hydrophis platurus, museum specimen
• new species
• barnacle
• Octolasmis, taxonomy

Acknowledgements

I thank Werner Conradie (Port Elizabeth Museum, Bayworld, Port Elizabeth, South Africa) for giving me the opportunity to examine the sea snake specimens as well as his enthusiasm and support for this study. I am grateful to William E. Goosen and Jan Neethling (Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa) for their assistance with the scanning electron microscopy and Willem Landman (North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa) for his help and advice during the processing and documentation of the sea snake-associated barnacles. I also thank John Zardus (The Citadel, Charleston, USA) for help in identification of the barnacle genus and Peter Convey (British Antarctic Survey, UK) and two anonymous reviewers for useful comments on the previous version of this manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work received financial support from the Systematics Association (UK) through the Systematics Research Fund Award granted to R. Majewska (2020).