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Notes
Heidi Hoernig & Mark Seasons, School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1 Canada. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
These have included international, national, regional and local monitoring projects by both governmental and non‐governmental organisations For examples see: Treasury Board of Canada (1997); York Region (1999); Institute for Local Governance and Regional Growth (2000); Legowski (2000); City of Hamilton (2001); Federation of Canadian Municipalities (2001); Maclaren (2001); National Roundtable on the Environment and the Economy (2001); United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (2001).
The ‘underground economy’ refers to unreported income, from both legal and illegal activities, which is then often spent legitimately (Frumkin, 1992).
For example, in watershed planning, cumulative effects may be increasing levels of chemical pollutants, sedimentation of streams and resulting degradation of water quality; changes in waterway volume flow due to urbanisation, and drainage of wetlands (CitationCumulative Effects Assessment Working Group & AXYS Environmental Consulting Ltd, 1999).
Examples of intangible components are biodiversity, human health and cultural integrity (CitationMitchell, 1997).
For example, in the issue of municipal water provision, humans put pressure on water resources through varying levels of demand intensity, themselves determined by land use. This pressure results in a state, which can be described in terms of quality, quantity, location, demand/supply ratios etc. The societal response may involve capital expenditure, pricing and savings policies, as well as various land‐use policies (CitationHammond et al., 1996; CitationOECD, 1998).
Also available at: http://regional‐institute.buffalo.edu/sotr/
In Ontario, all municipalities must have an Official Plan, a community master policy plan.
The Ontario Planning Act requires that local and regional municipal planning policy “shall have regard to” the policy statements issued under the Act.