Urban planning and health disparities: Implications for research and practice

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Notes

1. This last feature is particularly important for developing interventions for disparities, since it implies that there may be no ‘threshold’ or level of basic needs and wealth that enables groups to avoid the health effects of inequality.

2. Social capital, as used here, includes the features of social organisation, such as civic participation, norms of reciprocity, and trust in others, that facilitate cooperation for mutual benefit. Social capital is thus a community-level variable whose individual-level counterpart is measured by a person's social networks, although social capital is probably more than just the sum of individual-level social networks.