On the (un-)controllability of affective priming: Strategic manipulation is feasible but can possibly be prevented

Abstract

Three studies are presented that explored if and to what extent affective priming effects in a standard affective priming paradigm are susceptible to voluntary control. Specifically, it was tested was whether participants were able to eliminate or amplify affective priming effects when instructed to do so. In Experiment 1, it was shown that participants were successful in implementing manipulation instructions to decrease or eliminate the effect. Experiment 2 showed that such manipulation attempts succeeded in the opposite direction too, with participants voluntarily enhancing priming effects. Furthermore, it was shown that such manipulation effects could only partly be prevented by shortening duration of prime presentation and stimulus onset asynchrony between prime and target. The first two studies thus proved the susceptibility of the affective priming paradigm to spontaneous and strategic manipulation intentions of participants. However, when a moderate time pressure was induced by implementing a response deadline in Experiment 3, manipulation efforts failed. Implications of these results for the application of the affective priming paradigm in attitude research, specifically in socially sensitive domains, are discussed.

Acknowledgements

The research reported in this article was partly supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) to Dirk Wentura (We 2284/3).

The author thanks Dirk Wentura and Matthias Bluemke as well as two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.

Notes

¹In Study 2a, participants of the original standard control group received wrong instructions because of a programming error. Therefore data from these participants were discarded from analyses and the corrected version of the experiment was run with another group of 17 participants.

²Given that the assignment of participants to Experiment 2a and 2b was not counterbalanced, results of the joint analysis, of course, have to be interpreted with caution.