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Abstract
We review likely neurobiological substrates of cognitions related to fear and anxiety. Cognitive processes are linked to abnormal early activity reflecting hypervigilance in subcortical networks involving the amygdala, hippocampus, and insular cortex, and later recruitment of cortical regulatory resources, including activation of the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex to implement avoidant response strategies. Based on this evidence, we present a cognitive–neurobiological information-processing model of fear and anxiety, linking distinct brain structures to specific stages of information processing of perceived threat.
Acknowledgements
SGH is supported by NIMH grants MH-078308 and MH-081116, and is also a paid consultant of Merck/Schering-Plough for work unrelated to this study. The contributions of GJS were supported by NIMH grants MH082998 and P50 MH080215, he is also an unpaid consultant for TrialIQ for work unrelated to this study. KKE is supported by an NIMH Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) grant 1F31MH084422.