The Influence of Footwear Longitudinal Bending Stiffness on Running Economy and Biomechanics in Older Runners

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This study assessed the effects of footwear longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy and biomechanics of rearfoot striking older runners. Methods: Nine runners over 60 years of age completed two running bouts at their preferred running pace in each of three footwear conditions: low (4.4 ± 1.8 N·m^-1), moderate (5.7 ± 1.7 N·m^-1), and high (6.4 ± 1.6 N·m^-1) bending stiffness. Testing order was randomized and a mirror protocol was used (i.e., A,B,C,C,B,A). Expired gases, lower limb kinematics, and ground reaction forces were collected simultaneously and lower limb joint kinetics, running economy (i.e., VO₂), leg stiffness, and spatio-temporal variables were calculated. Results: Running economy was not different among stiffness conditions (p = 0.60, p = 0.53 [mass adjusted]). Greater footwear stiffness reduced step length (p = 0.046) and increased peak vertical ground reaction force (p = 0.019) but did not change peak ankle plantarflexor torque (p = 0.65), peak positive ankle power (p = 0.48), ankle positive work (p = 0.86), propulsive force (p = 0.081), and leg stiffness (p = 0.46). Moderate footwear stiffness yielded greater peak negative knee power compared to low (p = 0.04) and high (p = 0.03) stiffness. Conclusions: These novel findings demonstrate that increasing footwear longitudinal bending stiffness using flat carbon fiber inserts does not improve running economy and generally does not alter lower limb joint mechanics of rearfoot strike runners over 60 years. Future studies should investigate how other footwear characteristics (e.g., midsole material, plate location, and sole curvature) influence economy and biomechanics in this population.

KEYWORDS:

• Aging
• economy
• mechanics
• running
• shoes

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the participants who volunteered for this study and, Zoey Kearns and Adriana Miltko for helping with data collections. The authors would also like to thank the research team at Decathlon, particularly Nicolas Delattre and Nicolas Flores, for their input on the project, and for providing testing footwear.

Ethics approval

Institutional Review Board Protocol Number PRO-FY2021-104.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The authors reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.