Phyto-assisted eco-friendly fabrication of haemocompatible vanadium nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica leaf extract inherent with antioxidant and anti-bacterial activity

Abstract

In the present investigation, vanadium nanoparticles (VNPs) were synthesized through green process that entailed the use of Azadirachta indica leaf extract from sodium metavanadate. The characterization of VNPs involved a multitude of techniques, namely UV-Vis spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analytical studies, such as UV-Vis spectra, established the band gap of 2.5 eV, demonstrating the semi-conductive nature of VNPs. According to DLS analysis, nanoparticles (NPs) had an average size of 113 nm. The subsequent characterization techniques validated the rod-shaped and crystalline structure of the NPs. Following the effective synthesis of NPs, antioxidant studies determined their in vitro radicle quenching competence against superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH radicles. The VNPs exhibited an outstanding antioxidant potential and displayed a prominent protective effect in chicken erythrocytes subjected to H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, VNPs were evaluated for anti-bacterial efficacy against various bacterial species, including Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, showing zones of inhibition at low doses. Thus, VNPs from Azadirachta indica leaf extract could be utilized in medicine as a preventative measure against oxidative stress and bacterial disorders.

Keywords:

• Green synthesis
• vanadium nanoparticles
• antioxidant
• metal quencher
• anti-bacterial

Acknowledgements

The authors duly acknowledge the funding support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST–FIST), New Delhi, India. The authors also thank Central Instrumentation Facility, Pondicherry University. The authors are very much thankful for the support from DST-SAIF, STIC Cochin University (TEM analysis). The first author also acknowledges the UGC, India, for the University fellowship. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author contributions

SG: Literature search, executed experiments, Data analysis, and drafting the manuscript; SA: Performed part of experiments and data analysis; CT: Conceptualization of the study, Supervision, manuscript editing, and proofreading.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).