Influence of Environmental Variables and Species Interactions on Sport Fish Communities in Small Missouri Impoundments

Abstract

Small impoundments (<400 ha) are numerous and provide close-to-home fishing opportunities for anglers but may not support optimal sport fisheries. Most of these fisheries are managed by harvest regulations, but watershed and impoundment characteristics, poor water quality, or detrimental species interactions can also influence the desirability of fisheries. We examined the relative importance of watershed characteristics, impoundment morphology, water quality, and species interactions in explaining differences in relative abundance, growth, and size structure of five sport fish species (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, redear sunfish L. microlophus, white crappie Pomoxis annularis, and black crappie P. nigromaculatus) among 89 small Missouri impoundments spanning a large fertility gradient. Using regression analysis, we found that variables associated with predation, competition, and lake fertility were most important in explaining variation in sport fish demographics, whereas watershed and impoundment morphology variables were typically less important. Lakes with dense largemouth bass populations commonly contained sunfish and crappie populations with desirable size structure and growth, implying that predation was a strong structuring force. Density-dependent growth was common among all sport fish species. White crappies and black crappies had better growth or size structure in lakes with fewer bluegills, suggesting competition among these species. Lakes containing common carp Cyprinus carpio had fewer largemouth bass and slower-growing black crappies than lakes without common carp. The presence of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum benefited largemouth bass populations but negatively affected bluegill and black crappie populations. Growth and size structure of sport fishes usually improved with increasing lake fertility. Predation and competition seemed to be most important in structuring sport fish communities in these impoundments provided that lake fertility was adequate to sustain acceptable abundances and growth rates of these fishes.

Received February 10, 2012; accepted August 17, 2012

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the many current and past biologists and technicians who collected and provided the data used in this study. We also thank Steffanie Abel for her efforts in acquiring and developing the fish data set. Tim Bixler and Philip Marley provided the lake perimeter and surface area data that were necessary to compute the shoreline development index. Comments provided by two anonymous reviewers were helpful in improving the manuscript.