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Chemistry and Ecology Volume 27, 2011 - Issue sup2: AQUATIC ECOTOXICOLOGY: RESEARCH, METHODOLOGIES AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH AQUATIC ECOTOXICOLOGYWORKSHOP, LIVORNO, ITALY, OCTOBER 20–22, 2010
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Original Articles

Simultaneous determination of pharmaceutical compounds in environmental samples by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

S. Giandomenico CNR – Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Taranto, ItalyCorrespondence[email protected]
,
N. Cardellicchio CNR – Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Taranto, Italy
,
C. Annicchiarico CNR – Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Taranto, Italy
,
L. Lopez Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
,
M. Maggi Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
,
L. Spada CNR – Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Taranto, Italy
&
A. Di Leo CNR – Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Taranto, Italy
 show all
Pages 127-136 | Received 28 Jan 2011, Accepted 16 Sep 2011, Published online: 07 Nov 2011
 
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Abstract

Pharmaceutical substances are synthetic compounds with very widespread usage due to their therapeutic biological effects. These compounds and their bioactive metabolites are continually introduced into the aquatic environment as complex mixtures via sewage treatment plants (incomplete destruction), animal farms or leaching from landfills. In this study, an analytical procedure involving solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was developed to determine pharmaceutical compounds (caffeine, diclofenac, ketoprofen and ibuprofen) in aqueous samples (wastewater and surface water). The results demonstrated the suitability of the method at trace levels (ng·L −1) for multi-residue analysis of different types of water matrices.

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