Copper ecotoxicology of marine algae: a methodological appraisal

ABSTRACT

The production of accurate and reliable data on copper ecotoxicology of marine algae depends on the use of trace metal clean techniques during experimentation. We reviewed the methodologies used in the literature on copper ecotoxicology of marine macro- and microalgae, specifically the use of trace metal clean procedures such as the labware used (glassware vs. plasticware), methods of cleaning the labware (acid soaking and ultrapure water rinsing), stock solution preparation (copper source and acidification), and measurement and reporting of dissolved copper concentrations. In terms of taxonomic classification, the most studied algal groups were the Phyla Ochrophyta, Bacillariophyta, Rhodophyta, and Chlorophyta. In terms of methodology, ∼50% of the articles did not specify the labware, ∼25% used glassware, and ∼25% plasticware; ∼30% of the studies specified cleaning protocols for labware to remove trace metal impurities; the copper form used to prepare the stock solutions was specified in ∼80% of studies but acidification to stabilise the dissolved copper was performed in only ∼20%; and the dissolved copper concentration was measured in only ∼40% of studies. We discuss the importance of following trace metal clean techniques for the comparison and interpretation of data obtained on copper ecotoxicology in algae.

KEYWORDS:

• Copper
• dissolved concentration
• ecotoxicity testing
• macroalgae
• microalgae
• nominal concentration
• trace metal clean

Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous reviews for their thoughtful and constructive comments.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

ORCID

Pablo P. Leal http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-1850

Additional information

Funding

The first author received funding from the Chilean scholarship programme [BECAS CHILE-CONICYT]. This study was also supported by the Royal Society of New Zealand Mardsen [UOO0914]. The third co-author was supported by the Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment and the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [C01X1005].