A hierarchical cluster analysis of the psycological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italian severe asthma patients

Abstract

Introduction

In the context of COVID-19 pandemic, a consistent medical concern raised among severe asthma patients, though the studies excluded an increased risk of severe disease as well as an increased susceptibility.

The aim of the study was to apply the Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI) questionnaire to severe asthmatics during the COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate the data with a hierarchical cluster analysis.

Methods

114 severe asthmatics were asked to respond anonymously to the PGWBI questionnaire. The patients underwent a lung functional test, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement, Asthma Control Test (ACT), and Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ6). A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using an agglomerative approach and complete linkage to evaluate the results.

Results

The study population predominantly included female (60%), middle-aged patients, with normal lung function parameters, mild signs of airway, and satisfactory asthma control. The PGWBI score (82.46 ± 16.53) of the study population showed a good state of psychological well-being and was similar to that of a representative sample of healthy adult Italian subjects. Thus, Hierarchical cluster analysis identified 3 groups of patients: Cluster 1 (32%), Cluster 2 (64%), and Cluster 3 (4%). Whilst the Cluster 2 patients’ PGWBI score fell within the normal range, the Cluster 1 patients had a significantly lower total score (68.57 ± 7.2; p < 0.05), suggesting moderate distress. The Cluster 3 patients presented a total score markedly low.

Conclusion

Although the majority of the severe asthma patients studied demonstrated good mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, some did indeed show moderate to severe psychological distress.

Keywords:

• PGWBI
• anti-Sars-Cov-2 vaccine
• biologic treatment
• anxiety

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank all of the subjects participating in the study. The authors express their gratitude for the unconditional help and continuous dedication of the nurses working at the Referral Center for Severe Asthma of the University Hospital of Padua

Author contributions

Conceptualization, G.G., S.B., B.I.; methodology and formal analysis, G.G., S.B., B.I.; investigation, G.G., C.L., V.A.; data curation, G.G., C.L., S.B., C.M.; writing—original draft preparation, G.G., V.A.; writing—review and editing, G.G., V.A., S.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by Hospital Local Ethical Committee (Prot 2559P).

Informed consent statement

Informed consent, included the publication agreement, of patients was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data availability statement

All the data are presented in this study.