Sodium cyanide-induced modulations in the activities of some oxidative enzymes and metabolites in the fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus)

Abstract

Carp fingerlings exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.5 mg L⁻¹) of sodium cyanide showed a steady decrement over a 7-day period in respiratory rate, rise in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and fall in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities followed by variations in lactic and pyruvate levels. Changes in these enzyme activities might be due to impaired oxidative metabolism and severe cellular damage leading to the release of these enzymes. Decline in the activities of SDH and LDH clearly represents a shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism as evidenced by elevated lactate and decline in pyruvate levels. The shift to anaerobic metabolism is also reflected by severe drop in the respiratory rate of the fish. This may be a consequence of the blockage of electron transfer from cytochrome c oxidase to molecular oxygen, thus ceasing cellular respiration and it can lead to cellular hypoxia even in the presence of normal hemoglobin oxygenation. Hence, we indirectly reconfirm the inhibition of oxidative metabolism by sodium cyanide. Alterations in behavioral pattern induced by sublethal sodium cyanide exposure may be due to the combination of cytotoxic hypoxia with lactate acidosis, which depresses the central nervous system (CNS); as the brain is the most sensitive site to anoxia, it results in impaired CNS function.

Keywords:

• sodium cyanide
• common carp
• behavior
• respiratory toxicity
• metabolism
• LDH
• SDH
• lactic acid
• pyruvate

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to our Research Advisor (Dr M. David) and Senior Research Colleagues (Dr M.S. Prashanth, Dr S.B. Mushigeri, Dr R. Shivakumar, Dr H.B. Shivakumar, Dr V.R. Naik, Prof. G. Krishnamurthy, and Prof. R.A. Maniyar) for their invaluable service and help in their unique way for developing our research laboratory right from its infancy.