Up from Theory: Or I Fought the Topoi and the Topoi Won

Abstract

Early in my career I studied the history of topical invention in order to discover the basis for a distinctive, substantive, and coherent theory of rhetorical argumentation. The effort reflected the dominant academic assumptions of the time, and it proved both frustrating and instructive. Eventually, I concluded that my objective was misdirected. When theoretical coherence became the goal of topical invention (as in Boethius), the topics lost connection with rhetorical interests and applications and became part of a self-contained scholastic enterprise. But when treated more loosely as precepts that helped develop a capacity for action and performance in a particular case (as in Quintilian), the topics emerged not only as more useful but as more directly connected to the distinctive characteristics of rhetorical art. This shift in emphasis for “substance” and “theory” to “action” and “performance” corresponds to a general change in attitudes toward rhetoric that has occurred during the last three decades. This change may lead to a revisionism that extends beyond the teaching of individual courses and encourages consideration of rhetoric as a curriculum.

Notes

1. Wallace's position is further developed in two later papers: “Topoi and the Problem of Invention,” and “The Fundamentals of Rhetoric.” These papers develop issues that already had a long history in the field of Speech, and to appreciate this background, see E. L. Hunt, “Adding Substance to Form in Public Speaking”; Hoyt Hudson, “Can we Modernize the Study of Invention?,” and “The Field of Speech.”

2. For more detail about these topics, see my paper “The Topics of Argumentative Invention in Latin Rhetorical Theory From Cicero to Boethius.”

3. Translated by Eleonore Stump, Boethius' De topicis differentiis: Translated with Notes and Essays on the Text (Ithaca: Cornell U. Press, 1978).

4. See Stump's note on 1207B3, p. 143.

5. Trans. by H.M. Hubbell in the Loeb edition (London: William Heineman, 1960).

6. All passages from Quintilian are translated by H.E. Butler in the Loeb Edition.

7. I borrow the phrase “doing things with language” from Cheryl Geisler.

8. See Joseph Petraglia and Deepika Bahri, eds. The Realms of Rhetoric: The Prospects for Rhetoric Education (Albany: SUNY Press, 2003).