Neurobiological Basis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Abstract:

It has long been presumed that the symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity characteristic of children with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have a neurological basis. However, only in the last 2 decades has evidence been provided as to which neurological systems or structures may be implicated. This article provides an overview of the literature that has focused on genetic, biochemical, neurobehavioral, and neuroanatomical correlates of ADHD. Generally, these studies suggest that motor-regulatory systems involving both subcortical and frontal systems are associated with ADHD. Also, the studies suggest a possible genetic basis because they implicate deficiencies in several neurotransmitters and because family studies show some concordance between affected parents and their children. At present, however, there is no neurobiological marker for ADHD. Appropriate diagnosis continues to require reliable behavioral assessment, and treatment must include carefully monitored medical and behavioral intervention.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

George W. Hynd

George W. Hynd, EdD, is Research Professor of Special Education and Psychology and Director of The Center for Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology at The University of Georgia. His research interests address the neurological basis of learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder using brain imaging procedures.

Kytja K. Voeller

Kytja K. Voeller, MD, is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Director of The Developmental Neurology unit at The University of Florida School of Medicine. Her research focuses on neurological systems implicated in attention deficit disorder.

Kelly L. Hern

Kelly L. Hern, PhD, received his doctorate at The University of Georgia in School Psychology. He is currently at The University of North Carolina School of Medicine completing a post-doctoral fellowship. His research addresses the nature of affective symptomatology in subtypes of attention deficit disorder.

Richard M. Marshall

Richard M. Marshall, EdD, is a post-doctoral student in child neuropsychology at The University of Georgia where he works in The Center for Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology. His research interests focus on neuroanatomical correlates of learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder.