Abstract
Objective: General practitioners are the first point of contact in Danish out-of-hours (OOH) primary care. The large number of contacts implies that prescribing behaviour may have considerable impact on health-care expenditures and quality of care. The aim of this study was to examine the prevailing practices for medication prescription in Danish OOH with a particular focus on patient characteristics and contact type.
Design and setting: A one-year population-based retrospective observational study was performed of all contacts to OOH primary care in the Central Denmark Region using registry data.
Main outcome measures: Prescriptions were categorised according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) codes and stratified for patient age, gender and contact type (telephone consultation, clinic consultation or home visit). Prescription rates were calculated as number of prescriptions per 100 contacts.
Results: Of 644,777 contacts, 154,668 (24.0%) involved medication prescriptions; 21.9% of telephone consultations, 32.9% of clinic consultations and 14.3% of home visits. Around 53% of all drug prescriptions were made in telephone consultations. Anti-infective medications for systemic use accounted for 45.5% of all prescriptions and were the most frequently prescribed drug group for all contact types, although accounting for less than 1/3 of telephone prescriptions. Other frequently prescribed drugs were ophthalmological anti-infectives (10.5%), NSAIDs (6.4%), opioids (3.9%), adrenergic inhalants (3.0%) and antihistamines (2.3%).
Conclusion: About 25% of all OOH contacts involved one or more medication prescriptions. The highest prescription rate was found for clinic consultations, but more than half of all prescriptions were made by telephone.
As the out-of-hours (OOH) primary care services cover more than 75% of all hours during a normal week, insight into the extent and type of OOH drug prescription is important.
General practitioners (GPs) are responsible for more than 80% of all drug prescriptions in Denmark.
Of all contacts 24.0% involved medication prescriptions; 21.9% of telephone consultations, 32.9% of clinic consultations and 14.3% of home visits.
Of all prescriptions, 53% were made in telephone consultations.
Anti-infective medications for systemic use accounted for 45.5% of all prescriptions, thereby being the most frequently prescribed drug group for all three contact types.
KEY POINTS
Background
In Denmark, general practitioners (GPs) are responsible for more than 80% of all drug prescriptions,[Citation1–3] and they have responsibility for their listed patients 24/7 all year round.[Citation4] Insight into prescription patterns in health-care services is crucial to ensure the best possible utilisation of resources and to reduce the risk of medical errors.[Citation5] Former studies have described the prescription patterns among GPs in daytime,[Citation1,Citation6–8] but little is known about the extent and types of drugs prescribed in the out-of-hours (OOH) primary care services. Insight into prescription patterns in OOH care may provide a basis for monitoring, evaluating and improving the prescription behaviour.
Danish GPs have collaborated in large-scale OOH cooperatives since 1992. These provide patient care from 4 pm to 8 am on weekdays, all weekends and public holidays. OOH primary care is freely accessible for patients, and all contacts are triaged by a GP by telephone. Thus, all patient calls are managed by GPs as either telephone consultations or further referral to a subsequent clinic consultation or home visit.[Citation9–11] OOH GPs are paid a fee-for-service. The fee for a telephone consultation is higher than the fee for a telephone referral to a subsequent face-to-face contact to reflect the differences in time consumption and also to encourage the triaging GP to use telephone advice whenever possible.[Citation6]
As OOH care involves large numbers of contacts, the accumulated effects of prescription patterns may have extensive socioeconomic and health-related consequences.
The aim of this study was to examine the current practice for drug prescribing in Danish OOH primary care with respect to patient age and gender, contact types and types of drugs prescribed.
Materials and methods
Design and setting
This population-based retrospective observational study on prescriptions in Danish OOH primary care included all contacts to the OOH primary care service in the Central Denmark Region (1.2 mill inhabitants) during one year from 1 June 2010 to 31 May 2011.
Data
All data were collected from the OOH electronic medical record system. Drug prescriptions are processed through an electronic prescription function.
Data included information on the contact: date and time of contact, patient age and gender, contact type (i.e. telephone consultation, clinic consultation or home visit) and all prescriptions coded according to the global Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification system.[Citation12]
Patient age was categorised into seven age groups (0–4, 5–13, 14–17, 18–40, 41–60, 61–75 and >75 years). Prescriptions were categorised according to 1st, 2nd and 3rd levels of ATC coding system.[Citation12]
Analysis
The frequencies and proportions of contacts with at least one prescription were calculated for each type of contact. The rate of contacts resulting in prescriptions (PC rate) was defined as the number of contacts with one or more prescriptions per 100 contacts. PC rate was calculated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for age and gender stratified for all contacts and for contact type. For specific drugs, we calculated a prescription rate (Pr. rate) defined as the number of prescriptions of a specific drug per 100 contacts. The Pr. rate was calculated with 95% CI for the 10 most frequently prescribed drugs. These drugs were presented for 1st, 2nd and 3rd levels of ATC coding stratified for contact type. Groups of medication accounting for less than 1% of prescriptions were categorised into “rest” for all types of contacts. Analyses were performed in STATA version 12.
Results
Rate of contacts resulting in prescriptions
In total, 644,777 contacts were made to the OOH. Of these, 154,668 (24.0%) contacts involved at least one prescription (). The PC rate varied with contact type: 32.9 (95% CI: 32.6–33.1) for clinic consultations, 21.9 (95% CI: 21.8–22.0) for telephone consultations, and 14.3 (95% CI: 14.0–14.5) for home visits (). Female patients more often received a prescription than male patients (PC rates: 25.1 (95% CI: 25.0–25.3) vs. 22.6 (95% CI: 22.5–22.8)). The gender-related difference was most profound for telephone consultations. The difference found for telephone consultations was partly due to prescriptions of “sex hormones and modulators of the genital system” (GO3) and “sulphonamides and trimethoprim” (J01E) as these two types accounted for 10.2% of all prescriptions made by telephone for women (data not shown).
Table 1. Distribution of contacts with and without prescription(s) per contact type.
Table 2. Number of contacts with at least one prescription per 100 OOH contacts (PC rate) according to age, gender and contact type.
A higher PC rate was found for patients aged 18–40 years compared to all other age groups (). This pattern differed for home visits, for which a higher PC rate was found for children younger than four years and for patients older than 75 years.
presents all prescriptions in the study period according to 1st, 2nd and 3rd levels of the ATC coding system. In total, 167,883 drugs were prescribed; 53.4% of these were prescribed by telephone. For almost all drug types most prescriptions were made in telephone consultations, except for “anti-infectives for systemic use” (J) and “systemic hormonal preparations” (H) ().
Table 3. All prescriptions in the 1-year study period presented with 1st, 2nd and 3rd ATC code level per contact type.
“Beta-lactam antibacterial, penicillin” (J01C) accounted for 36.1% of all prescriptions and was the most frequently prescribed type of drug, in particular in clinic consultations (). The 10 most frequently prescribed drugs accounted for 66.5% of all telephone prescriptions, 82.8% at clinic consultations and 86.3% at home visits.
Table 4. The 10 most frequently prescribed drug types (ATC-code, 3rd level). Proportion (%) of all prescriptions and prescription rate (Pr. rate)Table Footnotea for all contacts and per contact type.
Discussion
Main findings
About 25% of all contacts to OOH primary care involved prescription of one or more drugs. The highest rate of contacts resulting in prescriptions was found for clinic consultations (nearly one-third). Overall, adults aged 18–60 years received prescription(s) more often than other age groups. Yet, for home visits, the highest PC rate was found for patients aged more than 75 years. More than half of all prescriptions were made in telephone consultations, and these encompassed a larger variation of drugs than prescriptions made in face-to-face consultations. Thus, for almost all types of drugs, telephone prescriptions accounted for the majority of prescriptions made. “Anti-infective drugs” (for systemic and local use) were by far the most frequently prescribed type of drugs and accounted for about 60% of all prescriptions made by the OOH service.[Citation13] Other frequently prescribed types of drugs were “NSAIDs”, “opioids”, “adrenergic inhalants” and “antihistamines”.
Discussion of results
The rate of contacts to the OOH primary care is rather high in Denmark compared to other European countries.[Citation14] The consumption in the Central Region is comparable with the rest of the country.
Few studies have mapped the prescribing patterns in primary care,[Citation1,Citation6–8] and only one study have addressed prescriptions in OOH primary care.[Citation15]
As a large number of OOH contacts involve drug prescription, the economic and clinical aspects of the prescribing patterns in OOH care are significant. In daytime primary care, the frequency of prescribing is even higher (from one third to half of all consultations).[Citation1]
The finding of more frequent prescriptions for female patients correlates with day time conditions.[Citation1] Children and older patients (>75 years) were less likely to receive a prescription by telephone than other age groups. This may be related to a higher need for making a clinical examination in these age groups in order to determine the severity of the presented health problem and the relevant treatment option.
The high proportion of prescriptions made by telephone could indicate an overconsumption of OOH in regard to treatment of non-urgent health problems and prescription based on questionable clinical indications.[Citation7] On the other hand, the considerable number of telephone consultations could also indicate a cost-effective OOH system that manages to meet and handle most health needs at low cost. Furthermore, the considerable proportion of telephone prescriptions may also be related to the organisation of OOH care with GPs as the triage professionals.
The PC rate found for home visits with prescription(s) in about one of seven contacts was lower than expected. This may be related to a higher frequency of hospital referrals and patients already being in possession of relevant medication or dispense of medicine from the home visiting GP’s bag.
The typical indications for the most frequently prescribed types of drugs in this study (“anti-infectives”, “NSAIDs”, “opioids”, “adrenergics”, “inhalants” and “antihistamines”) seem to be consistent with the aim of OOH primary care to manage common urgent health requests. The diagnostic patterns on reasons for encounter with OOH primary care also confirm this association as infectious diseases and pain-related symptoms seem to be prevailing.[Citation5,Citation16] However, the diversity of drugs was larger among drugs prescribed by telephone than among drugs prescribed in face-to-face contacts. “Contraceptives” and “antidepressants” were among the 10 most frequently prescribed drugs by telephone, which may indicate that some prescriptions were related to renewal of prescriptions or lost, missing or mislaid medications. In an earlier study, we found that prescription renewal was the primary reason for encounter in 5% of all OOH telephone consultations.[Citation16]
Patients should contact the OOH service only in case of a health problem that cannot wait until normal office hours. In this perspective, the 32.9% of clinic consultations resulting in at least one prescription may not be that high.
In the present study clinical information such as reason for encounter was not collected but earlier studies showed that patients in OOH often present with health issues related to infection.[Citation15,Citation16] Consequently, the antibiotic prescription rate will be high, in particular when dealing with acute health problems like in the OOH. Also many patients contacting OOH service may expect to have a condition requiring treatment with medication, and most GPs are aware of these assumptions.[Citation17] A study from Australia showed that patients who expected to receive medication were nearly three times more likely to get a prescription and that the highest frequency of prescriptions were found in cases where the doctors assessed patients to expect discharge of medication.[Citation6] Such mechanisms may lay behind some of the findings of this study, for example that anti-infective eye drops accounted for 10.5% of all prescriptions.
The “pressure for treatment” may for some part be divided into the “demand for treatment”, which originate from the patients and their relatives, and doctor’s “urge for delivering treatment/a solution”. These two focal points should be kept in mind if we intend to reduce the number of inappropriate prescriptions and bridge the perceptual gap between patient and doctor in the clinical encounter. However, doctors should also be aware that a number of other factors also impact their decisions on prescriptions, such as financial pressure.[Citation17]
Strengths and limitations
This study included all drug prescriptions made during a complete year in the Danish OOH primary care service. The large sample size ensured high statistical precision with the possibility to make inference at third ATC level. The data were collected retrospectively, meaning that the GPs had no knowledge of an ongoing study of OOH prescriptions, and their performance was consequently not altered. As all prescriptions were completed electronically, the data hold high validity and completeness.[Citation2] However, the GPs also had the option to make a handwritten prescription on paper, but as the GPs on home visits had a laptop with online possibility of prescribing this happened rarely to our knowledge. Still, the paper option might have led to an underestimation of drug prescriptions during home visits. The data did not allow us to link prescriptions with indications. Thus, we cannot discuss the appropriateness of prescriptions, which could be particular interesting for telephone consultations.
Conclusion
Drug prescriptions are made in 33% of all clinic consultations, 22% of all telephone consultations and 14% of all home visits in OOH primary care. More than half of all drugs were prescribed by telephone. The most frequently prescribed type of drug was “anti-infective drugs”, followed by “NSAIDs”, “opioids”, “adrenergic inhalants” and “antihistamines”.
Clinical implications and future recommendations
Appropriate prescribing is a complex topic. Decisions strongly depend on a wide range of aspects related to both the patient and the prescribing doctor, for example the clinical situation, the working conditions, public health policies and personal and socio-economic factors.[Citation1,Citation6,Citation18,Citation19] Such aspects need to be further addressed in order to assess the appropriateness of the current prescribing behaviours in OOH primary care.
Our findings extend the ongoing discussion regarding the safety and feasibility of drug prescribing at telephone consultations. Our figures underpin the relevance of studying the most frequent types of drug prescriptions based on telephone consultations in OOH primary care and to discuss the appropriateness of these prescriptions.
Ethical approval
According to Danish national regulations, research based on registry data on non-identifiable persons does not require approval by a research ethics committee.
Disclosure statement
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
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