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Abstract
Economists endeavour to see situations through the eyes of smallholders in order to offer. analytic tools to meet the needs of smallholder farmers to exert more effective control over their businesses. Pmt and parcel of this effort is getting to know who the smallholders are and the major constraints they face in their effort to improve economic performance. Economists recognise that smallholders may not measure performance in a purely financial way. The values and costs associated with welfare, risk and social objectives are not easy to estimate. Examples from studies of smallholder irrigation in Southern and East Africa are used to illustrate some common needs and issues.