Individualisation and social exclusion: the case of young people not in education, employment or training

Abstract

The characteristics, experiences and long-term prospects of young people outside the labour market and education have attracted widespread international attention in recent decades, and the specific category of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) has been a policy concern for the UK Government since 1997. This paper examines the analytical and empirical basis of our knowledge of NEET young people, in the light of more general conceptualisations of social exclusion and the individualisation of social risk. It relates the NEET category to a conception of social exclusion in which the central policy focus is on moving young people across a boundary between participation and non-participation, and inequalities within education and employment receive less attention. This focus, allied with discourses of individualisation, obscures the structural basis of inequality in education and training. However, the paper argues that the research evidence shows that individualised approaches based on personal and cultural characteristics of NEET young people are inadequate to understand this group and frame policy. The paper proposes that stronger versions of social exclusion need to be used in constructing solutions which acknowledge the basis of NEET issues in wider social inequalities.

Keywords:

• social exclusion
• NEET (not in education, employment or training)
• post-compulsory education
• individualisation
• social inequality

Notes

1. In the Comprehensive Spending Review of October 2010, the Coalition Government announced its intention to reduce spending on EMA by focusing support on the most disadvantaged EMA was discontinued for new applicants from January 2011.

2. YCS and LSYPE use a family socio-economic status derived from the occupations of both father and mother and categorised according to the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) used in the UK.