Working at a different level? Curriculum differentiation in Irish lower secondary education

Abstract

Young people in Irish schools are required to choose whether to sit secondary exam subjects at higher or ordinary level. This paper draws on a mixed methods longitudinal study of students in 12 case-study schools to trace the factors influencing take-up of higher level subjects within lower secondary education. School organisation and process are found to shape the extent to which young people actually have a ‘choice’. Streaming practices, which are more prevalent in schools serving socio-economically disadvantaged communities, constrain the degree of choice young people have over their subject levels, with those in lower stream classes usually allocated to ordinary level. Even where schools have mixed ability base classes, schools influence access to higher level subjects. In the middle-class and socially mixed schools, teachers are more likely to expect and encourage all students to take higher level. In contrast, in working-class schools there are sharp declines in the proportion taking higher level subjects as they approach the national exam taken at the end of lower secondary education. Early decisions about not pursuing higher level are found to have long-term consequences. The findings contribute to our understanding of how curriculum differentiation reinforces social class differences in educational pathways.

Keywords:

• Curriculum differentiation
• educational inequality
• school social mix
• ability grouping

Acknowledgements

This paper draws on data from a decade-long study funded by the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment.

Notes

1. A small proportion, around 5–6% of the cohort, takes the alternative Leaving Certificate Applied programme, which adopts a more hands-on approach to learning and assesses students on the basis of coursework as well as exams.

2. Once allocated to a class group, students tended to remain within that class for the duration of lower secondary education. However, one school which used streaming reallocated some students on the basis of mid-term exam results in first year.

3. The pattern for farm families reflects the well-documented strong orientation to education among this social group (see, for example, McCoy & Smyth, 2011).