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Notes
1. Ong'wen, Oduor (SEATINI, Kenya): ‘Neo-liberal framework and externalization of Africa's resources’.
2. Pichs, Ramón (CIEM, Cuba): ‘World oiljuncture: challenges for the Middle East and Africa’
3. Mayaki, Ibrahim (UNOPS, Kenya): ‘State andagriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: Which public policies should be implemented in order to build food sovereigny?’
4. González, David (CEAMO, Cuba): ‘Neo-liberalism and the agrarian question in Southern Africa: the cases of Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa.’
5. Pulido, Clara (CEAMO, Cuba): ‘Ghana: thebest pupil of the IMF and the World Bank became a HIPC’.
6. Benítez, Roger (CEAMO, Cuba): ‘PRSP: Ahigher stage of SAPs in Sub-Saharan Africa’.
7. Ramírez, Carmelina (CEAMO, Cuba): ‘Neo-liberalism and gender: The feminization of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa’.
8. Sánchez, Julio C. (CEAMO, Cuba): ‘The Trans-National Corporations' plundering activities: The case of the Niger Delta’.
9. Lange, Klaus (ITS, Germany): ‘African elites:solution or part to the problem?’
10. Blanco, Ángel (Ministry of Foreign Relations,Venezuela): ‘Neo-Liberalism vs Islamism in Egypt, Palestine and Turkey: Chellenges and Perspectives’.
11. Álvarez, María E. y Ernesto F. Domínguez(ISRI, Cuba): ‘Neo-liberalism and tradition in Sub-Saharan Africa’.
12. Arias, Emilio, Aracelis Torres, FrancysMarrero y Yanisleidy León (ISPEJV, Cuba): ‘Considerations about current reform projects in the Middle East.’
13. Salem, Bassel (FPLP, Palestine): ‘Secondelections to the Palestinian Legislative Council in 2006: An analysis of results and the new map of Palestinian political forces and challenges of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict,’ and Ahmad, Walid (FDLP, Palestine): ‘The Intifada in official Arab policy and information.’
14. Baró, Silvio (CEAMO, Cuba): ‘EU-Africarelationships: New steps in neo-liberal policies’ and Almaguer, Gloria T. (CEE, Cuba): ‘An African tragedy, or Europe, the great predator’.
15. Bush, Ray (University of Leeds & ROAPE,UK): ‘Project Africa: Modernising the continent for dispossession’.
16. Alzugaray, Carlos (ISRI, Cuba): ‘The ongoingdebate within the US dominant class around policy towards the Middle East’.
17. Brooks, Idalmys (CEAMO, Cuba): ‘TheBroader Middle East and North of Africa Initiative: Neoliberarlism vs Islam?’
18. Regalado, Eduardo (CEAMO, Cuba): ‘Therelationship between the People's Republic of China and Africa’.
1. I would like to thank the people of Mogadishufor their help during my two weeks of working trip to the City in June/July 2006.
2. To demonstrate the restoration of peace to thecity owners of new cars who have kept them hidden for year held a demonstration on 18 July in a long parade of cars. For the first time in sixteen years people drive their private cars with armed guards.
3. For a astute discussion of the politics aroundIslamic movements see, M. Mamdani (2004), Good Muslims and Bad Muslims: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror, New York: Random House.
4. The Speaker of Somali Parliament haschallenged the President's opposition to the talk and has warned that parliament will send a delegation to Khartoum.
5. The Ethiopian Minister and the regime inAddis Ababa do not see the irony of Ethiopia defending the TFG from its population. This attitude is clear testimonial that the regime in Addis is loathe to citizens' wishes and rights. They do not see the paradox of Ethiopia defending Somali government from challenges coming from the country's citizens. For the regime's attitude to citizen's rights, see Abdi I. Samatar ‘Ethiopian Federalism: Autonomy vs Control in the Somali Region’, Third World Quarterly, 25, 6 (2004):1131-1154.
6. See the description of the Ethiopian regime's role in undermining the Arta conference and the Transitional national Government: A.I. Samatar and A. Samatar (2003), ‘Somali Reconciliation: Editorial Note’, Bildhaan: International Journal of Somali Studies, 3: 1-15.
1. See, for example, International Crisis Group,Report 95, ‘Counter-terrorism in Somalia: Losing hearts and minds?’ 11July 2005.
2. UN S/2006/229 Letter Dated 4 May 2006.
3. UN S/2006/229 Letter Dated 4 May 2006.
4. International Crisis Group. ‘Can the SomaliCrisis be contained?’ Africa reports No 116, 10 August 2006, p. 20.
1. Mustafa Barth, ‘Sandcastles in the Sahara: USmilitary basing in Algeria’, ROAPE Vol. 30, No. 98, 2003, pp. 679-685.
2. Keenan, J., ‘Americans & “Bad People” in the Sahara-Sahel’, ROAPE Vol. 31, No. 99, 2004, pp. 130-139; ‘Terror in the Sahara: the implications of US imperialism for North and West Africa’, ROAPE Vol. 31, No 101, 2004, pp. 475-496; ‘Political Destabilisation and ‘Blowback’ in the Sahel’, ROAPE Vol. 31, No. 102, 2004, pp. 691-698; ‘Famine in Niger is not all that it appears’, ROAPE Vol. 32, No. 104/5, 2005, pp. 405-407; ‘Security and Insecurity in North Africa’, ROAPE Vol. 33, No. 108, 2006, pp. 269296.
3. Note 2, ‘In search of America's southern base’, Sahara Focus, Menas. 2005:3.
4. See, for example, World Tribune.com, 6 May 2003, 22 & 24 July 2003; New York Times, 4 July 2003; Le Quotidien d'Oran, 20 July 2003.
5. Note 1.
6. On 18 May 2004, an Algerian delegation,including the Commander of the Tamanrasset Air Base, Yazid Zeraïbi and Commander Ahmed Mouhamou of the Algerian Defence Ministry, visited RSW-Scatt in Canada.
7. Personal communications with both US StateDepartment and Ministry of Defense personnel.
8. 80% of the US intelligence budget is nowmanaged through the Pentagon.
9. Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack, 2004; see also http://slate.msn.com/id/2099277/
11. Much of this ‘can of worms’ has already been published in ROAPE (Note 2). Its complete story is being published shortly (2007) in J. Keenan, Alice in the Sahara: Moving Mirrors and the USA's War on Terror in the Sahara (Pluto forthcoming).
12. El Khabar, 25 July 2006.
13. If this assessment is correct, it may also gosome way to explaining both Sonatrach's aggressive exploration in Libya, Niger and Mali as well as Algeria's recent display of paranoia over Libya's forays into the Sahel.
14. The Chinguetti field is owned by Woodside47.83%, Hardman Resources (19.01%), Roc Oil (3.25%), British Gas (10.23%), Premier Oil (8.12%), Mauritanian government (11.56%).
15. More recent estimates put them at 123 millionbarrels, Sydney Morning Herald, 22 July 2006.