Factor structure of character strengths in youth: Consistency across ages and measures

Abstract

The VIA Classification of Strengths and Virtues attempts to provide a comprehensive model of character based on 24 character strengths. The present study is the largest study to date exploring the structure of the 24 strengths in youth. One sample (N = 23,850) completed the VIA-Youth, a teen measure of the VIA Classification. Based on a random subsample, it was determined the data were best modeled using four factors. The remainder of the sample was used to demonstrate measurement invariance for the four-factor model across ages 10–17 and country. Comparison with 471 English academy school students who completed two alternate measures of the VIA Classification also demonstrated measurement invariance. The results suggest a four-factor model that includes two primarily interpersonal factors, one reflecting general engagement, the second other-directedness. Other factors involved intellectual and self-control strengths. Implications for the understanding of character strengths in youth versus adults are discussed.

Keywords:

• Adolescents
• VIA Classification of Strengths and Virtues
• factor analysis
• VIA-Youth
• measurement invariance

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to the VIA Institute on Character for access to the data collected online, and to the Jubilee Centre for Character and Virtues for access to data collected in schools. This work is solely the responsibility of its authors. Partial funding for this project was provided by the VIA Institute on Character and the John Templeton Foundation.

Notes

1. VIA originally stood for Values in Action but is now an orphaned acronym.