Schiff base-functionalised styrofoam resin for preconcentration of metal ions in wastewater and wastewater-irrigated vegetables samples

Abstract

Polystyrene (PS) was extracted from styrofoam waste and functionalised with schiff base, N,N-bis(salicylidene)cyclohexanediamine (SCHD) through an azo spacer. The resin was characterised and used for preconcentration of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions prior to their trace determinations by microsample injection system–coupled flame atomic absorption spectrometry (MIS-FAAS). The recoveries of studied metal ions were achieved ≥96.0% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤4.5 at optimum parameters: pH 8; resin amount 300 mg; flow rates 3.0 mL min⁻¹ of sample solution; and 2.0 mL min⁻¹ of eluent (2.0 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃). The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were found to be 0.32, 0.23 and 0.21 and 1.10, 0.78 and 0.69 μg L⁻¹, respectively, with preconcentration factors (PFs) of 500, 800 and 1000, respectively. The linear ranges of the method were 1–40, 1–25 and 1–20 μg L⁻¹ for Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively. The accuracy and validation of the method were evaluated by analysis of certified reference materials (CRMs). The method was successfully applied for preconcentration of studied metal ions in wastewater and wastewater-irrigated vegetable samples.

Keywords:

• styrofoam foam waste
• chelating resin
• preconcentration
• solid-phase extraction
• MIS-FAAS
• wastewater irrigation
• vegetables

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and Department of Chemistry, Pamukkale University, Turkey, for providing financial supports and laboratory space, respectively, for this study.