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ABSTRACT
An efficient, rapid, simple and repeatable sample preparation method based on pressurised liquid extraction combined with deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was developed for the extraction and enrichment of some pesticides and their related metabolites in chicken liver samples characterised by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In this method, initially, the analytes were extracted into a water-miscible deep eutectic solvent (ethyldimethylammonium chloride:propionic acid deep eutectic solvent) at high temperature (50°C) and pressure (900 psi). After predetermined extraction time, the clean phase was collected and mixed with ethyldimethylammonium chloride:menthol:carvacrol deep eutectic solvent. The mixture was dispersed into deionised water. Thus, the obtained cloudy solution was centrifuged and an aliquot of the collected phase was injected into the separation system. Validation parameters were studied under final conditions. Acceptable repeatability (relative standard deviations less than ≤11.4%), low limits of detection (0.01–0.17 ng g–1) and quantification (0.03–0.56 ng g–1) and high enrichment factors (370–460) and extraction recoveries (74–92%) were obtained. Performing the method on several chicken liver samples showed that fipronil-sulphone residue and its related metabolite (N-(2,4-dimethylpchickenyl)-N-methylformamide) were detectable in some of them.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Research Council of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences for a financial support.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).