Deltamethrin and malathion pesticide residues determination in the wheat and probabilistic health risk assessment by Monte Carlo simulation: a case study in Aran-Bidgol, Iran

ABSTRACT

The high consumption of pesticides in agricultural lands, especially wheat fields, due to the high volume of production of this product in the world, has created certain concerns regarding the product health. Therefore, this study aims to identify and assess the risk of malathion and deltamethrin pesticides in agricultural fields in Aran-Bidgol. At first, twelve wheat fields where spraying was done with malathion and deltamethrin, were selected. The health risk assessment showed that wheat and bread consumers, children and adults, were not at significant non-carcinogenic health risk (THQ <1), but environmental monitoring should be continuous.

KEYWORDS:

• Wheat
• risk assessments
• soil
• deltamethrin
• Malathion
• Monte carlo simulation

Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support given by the Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Grant Number 99-6-99-18463). (Ethics Code: IR.IUMS.REC.1399.882).

Authors contributions

Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh; Majid Kermani; Mohsen Hesami Arani: Writing, Methodology, Investigation. Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary; Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh; Majid Kermani; Mohsen Hesami Arani: Investigation, Writing, Sampling. Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary: Conceptualisation, Supervision, Writing.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Additional information

Funding

The funding received in the context of the development of this research is described in the Acknowledgements.