Influence of doped elements (O, K, and N) on melamine derived g-C₃N₄: insights into optical properties and photoactivity

ABSTRACT

This investigation looks at the structural and optical properties of g-C₃N₄ (graphitic carbon nitride) and its doped analogs, indicated as x@g-C₃N₄ (where x indicates oxygen, potassium, and nitrogen). The study investigates the effect of these dopants on the material’s physicochemical properties, focusing on their applicability for photocatalytic applications. The alterations in crystallinity and shape caused by doping were shown by structural and functional analyses utilising XRD, FTIR, SEM, and XPS analysis. UV-DRS and PL measurements of optical characteristics revealed bandgap changes and charge recombination due to dopant inclusion. The photodegradation performance of organic pollutants under visible light was examined, indicating the improved photocatalytic activity of oxygen-doped g-C₃N₄ compared to the pristine and other doped materials. Adsorption capabilities and scavenger tests were explored to better understand reactive species’ role in the photocatalytic process. Furthermore, VB-XPS analysis, combined with UV-DRS and scavenger results, allowed us to propose a comprehensive photocatalytic mechanism. This research not only increases our understanding of the structural and optical impacts of doping on g-C₃N₄, but it also sheds light on the complexities of its photocatalytic behaviour, paving the road for its use in environmental remediation and sustainable energy conversion.

KEYWORDS:

• Doped g-C₃N₄
• oxygen
• doping
• photocatalytic degradation
• ROS quantification

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).