A highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensing probe for detection of Edoxaban anticoagulant drug residue in environmental water and drug formulations

ABSTRACT

Anticoagulant drugs currently play a crucial role in preventing severe deep vein thrombosis, heart attacks, heart valve diseases and contribute to the regulation of blood flow. Thus, the existing study reports the redox behaviour of Edoxaban (EDX) anticoagulant drug at bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for establishing sensitive, and selective adsorptive square wave – cathodic stripping voltammtric (Ads SW-CSV) probe for EDX detection. Under the optimal analytical parameters, the probe displayed good linear dynamic range (LDR) of EDX from 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ − 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ M. The probe displayed probe sensitivity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 18.5 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻², 3.3 × 10⁻⁷ and 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ M, respectively. The probe offered quick response, good anti-interference ability towards multiple co-existing species, good recovery (99.21 ± 5.02), reproducibility, and repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) of ± 3.0% at 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ M of EDX (n = 3). Intraday and interday precisions of the probe were 99.8 ± 1.74 and 99.54 ± 2.08% at 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ M of EDX, respectively. The probe was fruitfully applied for EDX detection in its formulations and its residue in water samples with good recovery (99.76 ± 3.768–101.43 ± 0.09) and precision (RSD < 3%) at low and high EDX levels. The tabulated Student t test (t_tab=2.78) was higher than the experimental t_exp = 1.3–1.7 at 95% probability (n = 5). The probe exhibited good sensitivity and selectivity towards EDX detection in drug formulation and environmental water samples. The probe has long-term stability and high level of anti-interference performance towards EDX detection.

KEYWORDS:

• Anticoagulant drugs
• direct-oral anticoagulant
• electrochemical analysis
• square wave stripping voltammetry
• analytical applications

Acknowledgments

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant no. G-411-130-1439. The author therefore acknowledge with thanks DSR for technical and financial support.

Author contributions

All the authors made substantial contribution while preparing the manuscript. Informed consent A statement regarding informed consent is not applicable.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

All authors confirm that all relevant data are included in the article and/or its supplementary information files.

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2024.2372459.