ABSTRACT
We introduce the notion of level numbers of a bounded linear operator between normed linear spaces, as a generalization of the singular values of an operator between inner product spaces. We study the geometric and the analytic properties of the level numbers, in connection with Birkhoff–James orthogonality and norm optimization problems. We also illustrate the similarities and the differences between the level numbers and the singular values of an operator. As an application of the present study, we obtain a new and elementary approach to the singular value decomposition of matrices.
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Acknowledgments
The research of Dr. Debmalya Sain is sponsored by Dr. D. S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellowship under the mentorship of Professor Gadadhar Misra. The research of Mr. Saikat Roy is supported by CSIR MHRD in form of Junior Research Fellowship under the supervision of Prof. Satya Bagchi. The third author was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant Number 19K14561, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).