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ABSTRACT
The presence of single and also of married British women in overseas colonies, especially those employed by or married to men in the Colonial Service in the later colonial period, has been the subject of scholarly enquiry. Their lives, roles and values and their distinctive contribution, if any, to the development of empire and of its ending have been debated. Their gendered roles were usually subordinate in a masculine culture of empire, and especially as wives they are commonly regarded as marginalised. The archived records left by Lady Margaret Field reveal her commitment as a single woman to a colonial mission and her sense of achievement as a school teacher and educational administrator, while also acknowledging the independence and career satisfactions she subsequently lost when she married a senior Colonial Service officer who rose to be a governor. But it is also apparent that, though incorporated and subordinate as a governor's wife to her husband's career, she was not marginalised to a separate sphere. As is evident from this case study, governors’ wives had important and demanding political duties, and such responsibilities need to be acknowledged.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
1. Early historiographical landmarks include Gartrell, ‘Colonial Wives’; Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire; Strobel, European Women; Chaudhuri and Strobel, eds, Western Women and Imperialism. For an appraisal of the literature, see Formes, ‘Beyond Complicity’.
2. It has been strongly argued that wives in British India were able to enjoy experiences and express values more commonly associated with men and masculinity. Procida, Married to the Empire, esp. chapter on guns and hunting.
3. Pioneering here is Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire.
4. Tripp, ‘A New Look’; more cautiously, Adams, ‘Colonial Policies’.
5. On the concept and its application, see Callan and Ardener, eds, Incorporated Wife; Finch, Married to the Job. For a critique of the stereotype and the quotation which follows, see Procida, Married to the Empire, 1–7, 11; also Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 3–8.
6. Strictly speaking, Margaret Field was only a ‘Governor's wife’ 1962–68 and 1972–73, but she had equivalent status and roles when John Field's titles were commissioner and administrator. She became Lady Field when he was made a Knight Bachelor (Kt) of the British Empire in 1962, elevated to Knight Commander (KBE) in 1967. He had already, in 1959, become a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG).
7. The recent book by Prior dealing with an early period in the history of the Colonial Service, 1900–39, refers only to women as wives of officials and to what some Colonial Service men resented as their disruptive presence. Prior, Exporting Empire, 82–83.
8. Jeffries, Partners for Progress, 152–53.
9. Kirk-Greene, On Crown Service, 49–53, 74.
10. Jeffries, Partners for Progress, 155–56.
11. Barringer, ed., Administering Empire. A further five publications are edited collections of testimony by women.
12. Crosskey, Knotted Round My Heart.
13. The other five wives were Sylvia Foot, Molly Huggins, Margaret Luce, Alys Reece and Joan Scott.
14. OSPA, Role of Expatriate Women.
15. Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire; Holden, Nursing Sisters; Holden, Women Administrative Officers; Dalton, ed., The Gold Coast; Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, Bodleian Library, Oxford (hereafter BdL).
16. Mss.Brit.Emp.s.566, BdL.
17. Hereafter Letters.
18. Hereafter Diaries.
19. Hereafter Memoirs.
20. Hereafter JF Journals.
21. Diaries, 24 March 1963, 5 Feb.1953; on her ‘introspective’ use of her diary, Memoirs, 383, BdL.
22. Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 110–17.
23. See, for example, Memoirs, 38–39, and Letters, 10 Jan. 1939, reporting a dinner she attended in Birnin Kebbi hosted by Governor Sir Bernard and Lady Bourdillon, followed by their visit to her school, and a reference to John knowing ‘all the protocol’. Memoirs, 133, BdL.
24. For a historiographical critique of the term, see Vickery, ‘Golden Age to Separate Spheres?’
25. Memoirs, 1, BdL.
26. Obituary, The Times, 7 Jan. 1961, 10.
27. References to her publications in The Times, Manchester Guardian, Blackwood's, House and Garden and Christian Science Monitor, using her mother's maiden name, Meg Hoyte, appear frequently in her Memoirs, as well as in her Diaries.
28. Memoirs, 1–12, BdL.
29. Memoirs, 2, 142; Diaries, 10 Jan. 1939, 28 Aug. 1964; JF Journals, 6 Sept. 1964, BdL.
30. For examples, Holden, Women Administrative Officers, 18–37; Holden, Nursing Sisters, 11–38; Dalton, ed., The Gold Coast, 17–18; Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 11, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL.
31. Obituary in Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 31(2), April 1961, 1.
32. Symonds, ‘Fraser, Alexander Garden’.
33. On which constraint, see Callan and Dalton. Callan, ‘Introduction’, in Callan and Ardener, eds, Incorporated Wife, 13; Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 25, 27, 28, 77, with, as an example, testimony of Lady Paul, 10, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL. .
34. Memoirs, 12–22, BdL.
35. Memoirs, 22, 42, BdL.
36. Winkler, ‘Vischer, Sir Hanns’.
37. Memoirs, 1, 22–25, BdL.
38. Letters, 25 Nov. 1937–27, Dec. 1938; Memoirs, 26–67, BdL.
39. For explicit references to love affairs, see Letters (to women friends) 22 March, 27 Dec. 1938; Memoirs, 40,51 89; Diaries 30 May 1966, BdL. See also where she records in her diaries the re-reading and then burning of love letters: ‘I felt … half sad and half happy to think how very much I have been loved. And on top of all to be blessed with John’. Diaries, 21 Sept. 1961. It would be rash to suggest on the basis of Margaret Judd's correspondence that the empire overseas presented women with more opportunities to express their sexuality than they had in the UK, but such cases might qualify the impression of male-only sexual freedoms recorded in Hyam's Empire and Sexuality.
40. Whitehead, ‘Medium of Instruction’, esp. 6.
41. Letters, 30 Nov. 1937, BdL.
42. Memoirs, 26, 33–35, 47, BdL; Whitehead, ‘Education in British Colonial Dependencies’, 76.
43. Letters, 27 Dec. 1938; see also Letters, 11, 18 Jan., 8 Feb. 1938, 10 Jan. 1939; Memoirs, 32–35, BdL.
44. On this official objective and problems of implementation in Northern Nigeria, see Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 111–23.
45. Such motives, or at least such effects, are debated by Tripp and Adams. Tripp, ‘A New Look’; Adams, ‘Colonial Policies’.
46. Whitehead, ‘Education in British Colonial Dependencies’, 77–78.
47. Letters, 11 Jan. 1938; see also 24 April, 31 Oct. 1938; Memoirs, 46, BdL.
48. Memoirs, 50a, 62–65, BdL; Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 119–20.
49. Memoirs, 72–75, 79–81, BdL.
50. Letters, 27 Dec. 1938, BdL.
51. Memoirs, 88–89, BdL.
52. Department of Technical Co-operation, Recruitment for Service Overseas: Future Policy, May 1962, 14–16, 24, Cmnd 1740, House of Commons Parliamentary Papers. For career experiences in educational administration in Tanganyika, see Holden, Women Administrative Officers, 87–90.
53. Memoirs, 73–74, 84, BdL; Jeffries, Partners for Progress, 162–64; Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 114, 127, 241.
54. Diaries, 31 Dec. 1969, BdL; Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 115, 142; Whitehead, Colonial Educators, ch. 13; Whitehead ‘Gwilliam, Freda Howitt’, 244–60.
55. Diaries, 21 March 1971; Memoirs, 520, BdL.
56. Her sister Alison, only a couple of years younger than herself, trained and practised as a doctor in the UK, and yet also married and raised a family: Memoirs, 4, BdL.
57. Halsey, ed., British Social Trends, 165–67; Musgrove, Migratory Elite, 41–42.
58. Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 46–48, writes caustically about this obligation and its consequences.
59. Holden, Women Administrative Officers, 3, 122, 208–11. For wartime employment, see Sharwood-Smith, Diary of a Colonial Wife, 30, 34–35, 66–67. On post-war reduction of employment opportunities for wives, Bradley, Dearest Priscilla, 167–70. In 1952 a senior officer in Nigeria was allowed to employ his wife as his paid but only temporary secretary. Milne, No Telephone, 296. But in 1957 the Information Office in Nyasaland hired a university-educated (but administratively inexperienced) wife: Davidson, The Real Paradise, 337.
60. Memoirs, 96–98, BdL.
61. Memoirs, 152–54: she left with a ‘glowing testimonial’.
62. For example, in St Helena, Diaries, 25 Nov. 1962, Memoirs, 375, 439; in Ascension, Diaries, 1 March 1963; in Montserrat, Memoirs, 154, referring to a report on local schools she submitted to a minister, and JF Journals, 17 Oct. 1969; in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Diaries, 15 March, 3 May 1971, BdL. The St Helena education officer, who had escorted Lady Field around the island's schools, credited her as well as the governor with supporting his proposals for educational developments: Evans, Schooling, 152.
63. Memoirs, 247, 383–4; also frequent references in Diaries, the first 8 April 1953 (when she was 47) and the last 24 July 1973 (when she was 68), BdL.
64. Dalton, ed., The Gold Coast, 58 ; Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 15, 19, 21, 71–76, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL; Allen, ed., Tales from Dark Continent, 123; Sharwood-Smith, Diary of a Colonial Wife, 64, 71, 73, 81; Alexander, Voices and Echoes, 38, 40, 60–61, 196–97; Reardon, Unexpected Journey, 162–3, 191.
65. Constantine, ‘Governor Sir John Field’.
66. JF Journals, 15 July 1968–17 June 1969, BdL. The complexities are analysed in Kirk Greene, Britain's Imperial Administrators, 363–67.
67. JF Journals, 18 June 1969–17 Nov 1969, BdL.
68. In addition to JF Journals, 19 Nov 1969–19 April 1973, see Macdonald, Cinderellas of the Empire; McIntyre, Winding Up the British Empire; Smith, Island in the Autumn. The latter is a memoir by Field's successor as governor.
69. Memoirs, 108A, BdL.
70. Memoirs, 252–53, BdL.
71. Diaries, 2 Sept. 1969; see also 12, 13 Aug. 1969, 25 Jan., 15 March, 11 Nov. 1970, BdL.
72. Memoirs, 253, BdL.
73. Diaries, 16 Feb., 24 March, 14 April, 19 July 1953, 5 June 1955, 3 June, 2 Aug. 1962, 3 May 1965, 4 June 1972; Memoirs, 94–95, BdL.
74. The domestic conditions in which a bachelor lived in the Gold Coast were recorded, with dismay, by the wife of his married successor: Boyle, Diary, 95–96.
75. For example, testimony of Elaine Bernacchi, Lady Haskard, Lady Maddocks and Janet Strong in Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL; Pearce, ‘Violet Bourdillon’, 271.
76. Procida, Married to the Empire, 30, 43, 47–51, refers to ‘incorporated wives’ as ‘junior partners’ in a ‘companionate partnership’ unofficially advising and assisting their Indian Civil Service husbands.
77. Duff, internal office note, May 1977, FCO44/1549, The National Archives, Kew (hereafter TNA). Referring to his successor on St Helena, Field reckoned that not being accompanied by a wife would be ‘a drawback in a place like this’, JF Journals, 17 Jan. 1968, BdL.
78. Memoirs, 340, BdL.
79. The point is properly stressed by Kirk-Greene, Britain's Imperial Administrators, 222–23. For descriptions of elaborate events in Nigeria, and of appropriate dress, including for women, see Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 57–63. For a wife's testimony, see OSPA, Role of Expatriate Women, 101.
80. As examples, on their departure from the Southern Cameroons, arrival at St Helena, commemorating Armistice Day, when on tour in the Pacific, when sworn in as the first Governor of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, and their final departure. Memoirs, 314–15, 337–38, 416–17, 471–72, 475, 584–85, 592–93, BdL. The importance of ceremonial and precedence is stressed by Kirk-Greene, ‘On Governorships’, 227–29.
81. Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 51, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL.
82. 6 Sept. 1961, OD8/110, TNA.
83. Callan, ‘Introduction’, in Callan and Ardener, eds, The Incorporated Wife, 9–10; Kirk-Greene, ‘On Governorships’, 217–18; Procida, Married to the Empire, 59–60. For more on ‘good hostess’ obligations, and on their importance for race relations, also wives’ testimony, see Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 48–57, 62, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL.
84. On the importance of personal contacts with non-official interest groups in the run-up to the transfer of power, see Kirk-Greene, Britain's Imperial Administrators, 230.
85. Strobel, European Women, 9–10, refers to the social rituals of the governing class as a way of maintaining ‘social distance between Europeans and indigenous people’, but in late empire the reverse was intended. As just one example of what was intended and seemingly effected at a reception hosted in the Cameroons see Memoirs, 214
86. Lady Field Personal Entertainment Book, vol. VI, last page, Field Papers, BdL. For frequency of occasions see the many references in JF Journals, BdL.
87. Calculated from JF Journals, BdL.
88. Memoirs, 469, 496–503; Diaries, 1 Nov. 1970, 11 Jan., 14 June 1971, 7 March, 12 June, 26 Dec. 1972, BdL.
89. This responsibility is echoed in testimony concerning Gladys Drury Adams, the wife of the resident in Sibu, Sarawak, in the 1930s and 1940s: OSPA, Role of Expatriate Women, 22.
90. Letters; Memoirs, 79, BdL.
91. Conceptually what follows owes much to Lawrence, Genteel Women.
92. Memoirs, 109, 148; Diaries, 19 Feb. 1953, BdL.
93. The varying quality of official residences, and efforts to improve them, feature strongly in Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 29–36, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL.
94. Memoirs, 176–78, 183, 224, 295; Diaries, 26 July 1956, 30 March, 19 May 1958, BdL. Photographs of the Schloss, the gardens, the rooms and the table, as also of her other government houses, are in the Field Papers.
95. Memoirs, 263, BdL; Margaret Field, The Commissioner's Lodge and Gardens, Buea, 1961, reprinted as The Prime Minister's Lodge Buea, Ministry of Primary Education and West Cameroon Antiquities Collection, Field Papers, BdL.
96. David Smallman, governor 1995–99, arranged for publication of her typescript: Field, History of Plantation House.
97. Memoirs, 367–68; Diaries, 27 May, 8 June, 30 Aug., 7 Oct. 1962, 22 July 1963, 26 Nov. 1964, 8 March, 21 April, 3 May, 16 Aug. 1965, 30 Sept. 1967, BdL.
98. Memoirs, 450; Diaries, 22 June, 12 July, 3 Aug. 1969; JF Journals, 29 June, 9 July 1969, BdL. A later occupant also criticised Government House in Montserrat: Testimony of Ruth Wyn Jones in Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 29, 35–36, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL.
99. Memoirs, 460–62, 4656–6, 488, 491–92. Many references to work on the house and garden are in the Diaries, for example 15 Jan. 1970, 15 March 1971, 5 May 1972; .JF Journals, 23 June, 2 Aug., 30 Sept., 7 Oct. 1970, 31 March, 7 June 1971, 13 May, 24 Sept. 1972, BdL.
100. Kirk-Greene, Britain's Imperial Administrators, 221; on supervision by wives, see also Kirk-Greene, ‘On Governorships’, 221.
101. Strobel, European Women, 21–24.
102. Memoirs, 60–61, 187, 293, 308–09; Diaries, 28 April, 21 Sept. 1961, 29 June 1962, BdL.
103. Memoirs, 111, 179–80, 254, 286–78; Diaries, 8 Feb., 6 March 1960, BdL.
104. Memoirs, 340–41, 385–86, 422–23; Diaries, for example, 3 June, 5 Aug., 25 Nov. 1962, 10 April, 16, 17 May, 21 Oct. 1963, 5 Jan., 23, 30 July, 6 Sept. 1966, 10 June 1967; JF Journals, 19 May 1963, 29 May, 2 June, 12, 27 July 1966, 27 Aug. 1967, 6 Jan. 1968, BdL.
105. Memoirs, 450; Diaries, 23 June, 12 July, 12 Aug., 6 Sept. 1969; JF Journals, 24 June, 30 July 1969, BdL.
106. Memoirs, 462–65, 481; Diaries, 11, 15, 25 Jan., 15 March, 15 April 1970, 2 Jan., 5 May, 11 Oct. 1972; JF Journals, 10 Feb., 25, 29 July 1970. BdL. Lady Field's predecessor had had staffing problems, but her successor described the staff whom she inherited as well-trained: Testimony of Elaine Bernacchi and Sylvester Smith in Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL.
107. For examples, Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 36–43, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL; Holden, Women Administrative Officers, 181–84; Dalton, ed., The Gold Coast, 25–29 ; Allen, ed., Tales from Dark Continent, 114–18; Russell, Bush Life in Nigeria, 5, 14–16; Leith-Ross, Stepping Stones, 47; Sharwood-Smith, Diary of a Colonial Wife, 103–05; many references in Reardon, Unexpected Journey. Bradley devotes two chapters of Dearest Priscilla to ‘Servants’.
108. Holden, Women Administrative Officers, 184–5; Memoirs, 181; Diaries, 26 July 1956, 21 June 1961, BdL.
109. Memoirs, 339–40; Diaries, 27 May 1962, 5 Feb 1963, 18 July 1963; 29 Feb. 1964, 5 July 1965, 3 Sept. 1966, 11 June 1967; JF Journals, 22, 31 Oct., 1 Nov. 1962, 24 Dec. 1963, 13 March, 19 April, 4 July 1965, BdL.
110. Memoirs, 453; Diaries, 2, 12 July 1969, BdL.
111. Memoirs, 467; Diaries, 15, 25 Jan., 15 April 1970, 13, 25 Feb., 15 March 1971, 7 March 1972; JF Journals, 19 Feb. 1970; 26 Feb., 1, 15 May 1971; 17 March, 18 July, 18 Aug., 14 Sept. 1972; 3 Feb. 1973. See also Dalton, and, specifically about Tarawa, the testimony therein of Elaine Bernacchi and Sylvester Smith.
112. In ‘Entertainment Books’, Field Papers, BdL, Margaret Field recorded names and numbers of guests, menus and comments on the quality of the courses. When a single woman, she had taken a course on cooking run by the Good Housekeeping Institute: Memoirs, 93–94, BdL. The Constance Spry Cookery Book was first published in 1956. Other Colonial Service wives seem to have relied on such as Leith-Ross and Buxton, Practical West African Cookery; Bradley, Household Book for Africa.
113. Larymore, Resident's Wife in Nigeria; but see also Bradley's tongue-in-cheek warning against the ‘Sad Story of the Slut’. Dearest Priscilla, 37.
114. Memoirs, 201, 225, 493, 566; Diaries, 30 March 1958, and similarly 19 Oct. 1962, 2 March, 30 May, 31 Oct. 1963, 4 Aug. 1964, BdL. On the importance of dress within imperial culture in the colonies, see Lawrence, Genteel Women, 12–72; Strobel, European Women, 10–11; Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 71–75; Holden, Women Administrative Officers, 197; for examples, Knox-Mawer, Tales from Paradise, 33, 35, 42; Russell, Bush Life, 17.
115. Diaries, 1 Nov. 1966, 9 June 1967, 15 March 1971, BdL.
116. References to ‘good works’ are common in the sources. Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 66–9, and testimony therein of Lady Arthur, 11, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL; Holden, Women Administrative Officers, 193; Dalton, ed., The Gold Coast, 51–52; OSPA, Role of Expatriate Women, 15, 30, 85, 100; Boyle, Diary, 162; Sharwood-Smith Diary, 112–14; Alexander, Voices and Echoes, 68, 123, 89–90; Reardon, Unexpected Journey, 143–44, 160; Bradley, Dearest Priscilla, 166–67, 170–72; Pearce, ‘Violet Bourdillon’, 268–69. For Anglo-Indian wives in India, see Procida, Married to the Empire, 165–89, esp. 171–72.
117. Memoirs, 355–58, 409, 432–33; Diaries, for example, 10 Dec. 1962, 5 Feb. 1963, 12 Dec. 1964, 4 March 1965, 3 Sept. 1966, 16 June 1967, BdL.
118. Memoirs, 150–52, 356–57, 482; Diaries, 20 March 1968; and see, for example, 10 Dec. 1962, 17 Oct. 1963, 13 Aug. 1965, 1, 3 Nov. 1966, 29 Dec. 1967, 24 Jan. 1971, 9 Jan., 5 Feb. 1972; JF Journals, 15 Dec. 1965; 12 April 1973, BdL; Swaisland, Forty Years of Service, 14; Brown, ‘Women's Corona Society’, 7; Adams, ‘Colonial Policies’, 11–12.
119. Memoirs, 356, 481–82, 560; Diaries, for example, 25 Jan. 1970, 13 Feb. 1971, 25 Oct. 1972.
120. Memoirs, 356, 442, 482, 578; Diaries, for example, 20 July 1962, 10 April 1963, 22 Jan. 1965, 13 March 1968, 25 Jan. 1970, 2 Dec. 1972, BdL. For enthusiastic involvement, see Alexander, Voices and Echoes, 89–90; Page, Coconuts and Coral, 167–69.
121. Memoirs, 418; Diaries, 1 Jan. 1965, BdL; Mangan, Games Ethic.
122. Diaries, Touring Programme notes, 27 Jan.–6 Feb. 1970, 27 April–4 May 1971, 8–18 Feb. 1972, 6–16 July 1972, BdL.
123. Cordon, a widow who served as the women's education officer in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands in the 1960s and early 1970s, published a two-volume memoir. She refers extensively to her own work in support of women's groups but also to an ‘excellent opening speech’ made by Lady Field at a Homemakers Conference. Cordon, Seven Years’ Island Hopping, esp. vol. 2, 157.
124. Joanna Lewis, keynote address, OSPA, Role of Expatriate Women, 9.
125. Memoirs, 94; Diaries, 8 Jan. 1966, also 19 Feb. 1953, 16 Jan. 1955, BdL.
126. Diaries, 17 May, 19 July 1953, 4, 16 Jan., 7 May 1955, 25 March 1961, 3 Jan. 1964, 5 Dec. 1967, 11 Jan. 1971, BdL. For Martha and Mary, see Bible, Luke, ch. 10, verses 38–42.
127. Diaries, 30 May 1966; Memoirs, 420, BdL.
128. Diaries, 17, 28 March, 23 April 1969, BdL.
129. Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 77–81, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL; Dalton, ed., The Gold Coast, 50–51; Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire, 212–14, 222–24; Hansen, ‘White Women’, 252–56.
130. Diaries, 20 May 1971, BdL.
131. Heather Dalton, ed., ‘The Colonial Service: The Experience of Governors’ Wives’, 81, with testimonies of Sylvester Smith, cassette recording, and Janet Strong, 39, Mss.Brit.Emp.s.529, 1989, BdL.
132. Memoirs, 140–47, BdL.
133. Diaries, 24 March 1953, BdL.