Phylogenetic analysis of the Panochthini (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae), with remarks on their temporal distribution

Abstract

Zamorano, M. & Brandoni, D., 2013. Phylogenetic analysis of the Panochthini (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae), with remarks on their temporal distribution. Alcheringa 37, 1–10. ISSN 0311-5518.

To test the monophyly of Panochthini, a phylogenetic analysis including all the species traditionally referred to the tribe was conducted. The matrix included 16 species of Glyptodontidae and 35 characters, from which 14 correspond to the skull, four to the dentition, two to the cephalic armour, nine to the dorsal carapace and six to the caudal sheath. Propalaehoplophorus australis (Propalaehoplophorinae) was used to root the trees. Four most parsimonious trees were obtained (Tree Length = 75, CI = 0.65, RI = 0.70). The strict consensus tree (Tree Length = 77, CI = 0.64, RI = 0.68) has the following topology: Propalaehoplophorus australis (Glyptodon reticulatus (Hoplophorus euphractus (Panochthus jaguaribensis, P. intermedius (P. frenzelianus, P. tuberculatus (P. subintemedius, P. greslebini)))) ((Pseudoplohophorus absolutus, Plohophorus figuratus) (Nopachtus cabrerai, N. coagmentatus, Propanochthus bullifer, Stromaphorus compressidens, Phlyctaenopyga ameghini))). The results indicate that: 1, Panochthini is not a natural group but polyphyletic; 2, Panochthus is monophyletic and, concordant with recent proposals, Hoplophorus euphractus is its sister group; and 3, Nopachtus and Propanochthus are more closely related to species traditionally referred to ‘Plohophorini’ than to Panochthus. Nopachtus and Propanochthus, as the ‘Plohophorini’, are recorded from the latest part of the Neogene, whereas Panochthus and Hoplophorus euphractus are restricted to the Quaternary.

[Martín Zamorano [marzamorano@fcnym]unlp.edu.ar], Departamento Científico Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, s/n, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. CONICET. Diego Brandoni [[email protected]], Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción (CICYTTP-CONICET), Matteri y España, E3105BWA Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina. Received 25.10.2012; revised 11.1.2013; accepted 18.1.2013.

Panochthini (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae)的系统关系分析以及它们的时间分布

为了检验Panochthini的单世系性, 我们对所有传统上归于这个类群的种进行了系统发育分析. 所有分子包括Glyptodontidae的16个种以及35个特征, 其中14个有关头颅, 4个有关齿列, 2个有关头盔, 9个有关背甲, 6个有关尾盾. Propalaehoplophorus australis (Propalaehoplophorinae)被用来作为系树的基点. 获得4个最严格系树 (系树长度=75, Cl=0.65, RI=0.70). 严格交感系树 (系树长度=77, Cl=0.64, Rl=0.68) 具有下述形态: Propalaehoplophorus australis (Glyptodon reticulatus (Hoplophorus euphractus (Panochthus jaguaribensis, P. intermedius (P. frenzelianus, P. tuberculatus (P. subintemedius, P. greslebini))))((Pseudoplohophorus absolutus, Plohophorus figuratus) (Nopachtus cabrerai, N. coagnentatus, Propanochthus bullifer, Stromaphorus compressidens, Phlyctaenopyga ameghini))). 这样的结果说明: 1, Panochthini不是一个自然的类群, 而是一个多世系体; 2, Panochthus 是单世系的, 正如最近的研究结果, Hoplophorus euphractus 是它的姐妹类群; 3, Nopachtus 和Propanochthus 与传统上归为‘Plohophorini’的种的关系比与Panochthus的关系更近些. 被归为‘Plohophorini’的Nopachtus和Propanochthus记录于晚第三纪最晚期的地层, 而Panochthus 和Hoplophorus euphractus 仅限于第四纪.

Keywords:

• Panochthus
• Nopachtus
• Propanochthus
• glyptodontids
• Neogene
• Quaternary
• South America

View correction statement:

Corrigendum

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Javier N. Gelfo for his valuable help and comments. We also thank Gustavo J. Scillato-Yané, Alfredo A. Carlini and Alfredo E. Zurita for their comments and suggestions on an early version of the manuscript. The comments and suggestions of Richard Fariña and two anonymous reviewers improved this contribution. We also thank the editors Steve McLoughlin and Ben Kear for their comments.

Notes

This version has been corrected. Please see Corrigendum (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2013.854728)